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Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly expected to operate over long contexts, yet standard softmax attention incurs a KV cache that grows linearly with sequence length, quickly becoming the bottleneck for long context inference. A…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xintong Yang , Hao Gu , Binxing Xu , Lujun Li , Bei Liu , Jiacheng Liu , Qiyuan Zhu , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made remarkable progress in processing extensive contexts, with the Key-Value (KV) cache playing a vital role in enhancing their performance. However, the growth of the KV cache in response to increasing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Yuhong Li , Yingbing Huang , Bowen Yang , Bharat Venkitesh , Acyr Locatelli , Hanchen Ye , Tianle Cai , Patrick Lewis , Deming Chen

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in natural language processing and generation, yet their ability to handle long-context input remains constrained by the quadratic complexity of attention computation and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Manlai Liang , Wanyi Huang , Mandi Liu , Huaijun Li , Jinlong Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) excel across a variety of language tasks yet are constrained by limited input lengths and high computational costs. Existing approaches\textemdash such as relative positional encodings (e.g., RoPE, ALiBi) and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Kun-Hui Lee , Eunhwan Park , Donghoon Han , Seung-Hoon Na

Disaggregated inference has become an essential framework that separates the prefill (P) and decode (D) stages in large language model inference to improve throughput. However, the KV cache transfer faces significant delays between prefill…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-04-08 Weiqing Li , Guochao Jiang , Xiangyong Ding , Zhangcheng Tao , Chuzhan Hao , Chenfeng Xu , Yuewei Zhang , Hao Wang

Long-context LLMs have enabled numerous downstream applications but also introduced significant challenges related to computational and memory efficiency. To address these challenges, optimizations for long-context inference have been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Yucheng Li , Huiqiang Jiang , Qianhui Wu , Xufang Luo , Surin Ahn , Chengruidong Zhang , Amir H. Abdi , Dongsheng Li , Jianfeng Gao , Yuqing Yang , Lili Qiu

Long-context language models are limited by the memory footprint of the key-value (KV) cache. Existing training-free KV compression methods usually rank tokens by one importance signal -- attention, recency, layer-wise allocation, or key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Hong Chen , Xiang Liu , Yubo Gao , Yuxuan Fan , Bo Wang , Yuanlin Chu , Yuanguo Lin , Xuming Hu

KV caching is a fundamental technique for accelerating Large Language Model (LLM) inference by reusing key-value (KV) pairs from previous queries, but its effectiveness under limited memory is highly sensitive to the eviction policy. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Fangzhou Wu , Sandeep Silwal , Qiuyi , Zhang

This paper introduces MadaKV, a modality-adaptive key-value (KV) cache eviction strategy designed to enhance the efficiency of multimodal large language models (MLLMs) in long-context inference. In multimodal scenarios, attention heads…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Kunxi Li , Zhonghua Jiang , Zhouzhou Shen , Zhaode Wang , Chengfei Lv , Shengyu Zhang , Fan Wu , Fei Wu

Large language models (LLMs) have shown great performance on complex reasoning tasks but often require generating long intermediate thoughts before reaching a final answer. During generation, LLMs rely on a key-value (KV) cache for…

As vision-language models (VLMs) tackle increasingly complex and multimodal tasks, the rapid growth of Key-Value (KV) cache imposes significant memory and computational bottlenecks during inference. While Multi-Head Latent Attention (MLA)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-19 Xiaoran Fan , Zhichao Sun , Tao Ji , Lixing Shen , Tao Gui

Sequential recommendation models are widely used in applications, yet they face stringent latency requirements. Mainstream models leverage the Transformer attention mechanism to improve performance, but its computational complexity grows…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-26 Jingyu Li , Zhaocheng Du , Qianhui Zhu , kaiyuan Li , Zhicheng Zhang , Song-Li Wu , Chaolang Li , Pengwen Dai

Disaggregated Large Language Model (LLM) inference has gained popularity as it separates the computation-intensive prefill stage from the memory-intensive decode stage, avoiding the prefill-decode interference and improving resource…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Zeyu Zhang , Haiying Shen , Shay Vargaftik , Ran Ben Basat , Michael Mitzenmacher , Minlan Yu

The emergence of long-context text applications utilizing large language models (LLMs) has presented significant scalability challenges, particularly in memory footprint. The linear growth of the Key-Value (KV) cache responsible for storing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Hongxuan Zhang , Yao Zhao , Jiaqi Zheng , Chenyi Zhuang , Jinjie Gu , Guihai Chen

Recent developments in Video Large Language Models (Video LLMs) have enabled models to process hour-long videos and exhibit exceptional performance. Nonetheless, the Key-Value (KV) cache expands linearly over time, leading to substantial…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhenyu Ning , Guangda Liu , Qihao Jin , Chengwei Li , Wenchao Ding , Minyi Guo , Jieru Zhao

Long-horizon LLM inference turns the key--value (KV) cache into the dominant GPU memory consumer and makes per-token attention increasingly expensive. Many common eviction policies use static recency windows or historical attention, leaving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yubo Li , Yidi Miao

Large Language Models are increasingly being deployed in datacenters. Serving these models requires careful memory management, as their memory usage includes static weights, dynamic activations, and key-value caches. While static weights…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Jiale Xu , Rui Zhang , Yi Xiong , Cong Guo , Zihan Liu , Yangjie Zhou , Weiming Hu , Hao Wu , Changxu Shao , Ziqing Wang , Yongjie Yuan , Junping Zhao , Minyi Guo , Jingwen Leng

Large language models have revolutionized natural language processing but face significant challenges of high storage and runtime costs, due to the transformer architecture's reliance on self-attention, particularly the large KV cache for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuan Feng , Junlin Lv , Haoyu Guo , Yukun Cao , S Kevin Zhou , Xike Xie

The key-value (KV) cache accelerates LLMs decoding by storing KV tensors from previously generated tokens. It reduces redundant computation at the cost of increased memory usage. To mitigate this overhead, existing approaches compress KV…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hao Wang , Ligong Han , Kai Xu , Akash Srivastava

Efficient key-value (KV) cache management is crucial for the practical deployment of large language models (LLMs), yet existing compression techniques often incur a trade-off between performance degradation and computational overhead. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Jang-Hyun Kim , Dongyoon Han , Sangdoo Yun
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