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Related papers: CausalArmor: Efficient Indirect Prompt Injection G…

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This paper considers the problem of secure parameter estimation when the estimation algorithm is prone to causative attacks. Causative attacks, in principle, target decision-making algorithms to alter their decisions by making them…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-12-31 Saurabh Sihag , Ali Tajer

Causal games are probabilistic graphical models that enable causal queries to be answered in multi-agent settings. They extend causal Bayesian networks by specifying decision and utility variables to represent the agents' degrees of freedom…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Manuj Mishra , James Fox , Michael Wooldridge

Generative AI risks such as bias and lack of representation impact people who do not interact directly with GAI systems, but whose content does: indirect users. Several approaches to mitigating harms to indirect users have been described,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Kate Glazko , Jennifer Mankoff

As AI agents automate critical workloads, they remain vulnerable to indirect prompt injection (IPI) attacks. Current defenses rely on monitoring protocols that jointly evaluate an agent's Chain-of-Thought (CoT) and tool-use actions to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jafar Isbarov , Murat Kantarcioglu

The rapid deployment of open-source frameworks has significantly advanced the development of modern multi-agent systems. However, expanded action spaces, including uncontrolled privilege exposure and hidden inter-system interactions, pose…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Wenhui Zhu , Xuanzhao Dong , Xiwen Chen , Rui Cai , Peijie Qiu , Zhipeng Wang , Oana Frunza , Shao Tang , Jindong Gu , Yalin Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are susceptible to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI) attacks, where malicious instructions in retrieved content hijack the agent's execution. Existing defenses typically rely on strict filtering or refusal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Che Wang , Fuyao Zhang , Jiaming Zhang , Ziqi Zhang , Yinghui Wang , Longtao Huang , Jianbo Gao , Zhong Chen , Wei Yang Bryan Lim

Attribution methods have been developed to explain the decision of a machine learning model on a given input. We use the Integrated Gradient method for finding attributions to define the causal neighborhood of an input by incrementally…

AI agents such as OpenClaw are increasingly deployed in local workflows with access to external tools. This creates indirect prompt-injection (IPI) risk: an agent may execute harmful instructions embedded in untrusted inputs such as email,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Lei Zhao , Abhay Bhaskar , Edgar Dobriban

Despite ongoing efforts to defend neural classifiers from adversarial attacks, they remain vulnerable, especially to unseen attacks. In contrast, humans are difficult to be cheated by subtle manipulations, since we make judgments only based…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-26 Mingkun Zhang , Keping Bi , Wei Chen , Quanrun Chen , Jiafeng Guo , Xueqi Cheng

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly used to automate complex workflows, but integrating untrusted external data with privileged execution exposes them to severe security risks, particularly direct and indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zonghao Ying , Haozheng Wang , Jiangfan Liu , Quanchen Zou , Aishan Liu , Jian Yang , Yaodong Yang , Xianglong Liu

Developing and implementing AI-based solutions help state and federal government agencies, research institutions, and commercial companies enhance decision-making processes, automate chain operations, and reduce the consumption of natural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-02 Andrei Svetovidov , Abdul Rahman , Feras A. Batarseh

Reinforcement learning agents are susceptible to evasion attacks during deployment. In single-agent environments, these attacks can occur through imperceptible perturbations injected into the inputs of the victim policy network. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Xiang Zheng , Xingjun Ma , Shengjie Wang , Xinyu Wang , Chao Shen , Cong Wang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly integrated into critical systems, leveraging external tools to interact with the real world. However, this capability exposes them to Indirect Prompt Injection (IPI), where attackers embed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Guangyu Gong , Zizhuang Deng

Recent AI systems combine large language models with tools, external knowledge via retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and even autonomous multi-agent decision loops. This agentic AI paradigm greatly expands capabilities - but also vastly…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Ali Dehghantanha , Sajad Homayoun

Large Language Model (LLM) agents exhibit remarkable performance across diverse applications by using external tools to interact with environments. However, integrating external tools introduces security risks, such as indirect prompt…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Qiusi Zhan , Richard Fang , Henil Shalin Panchal , Daniel Kang

As large language models transition from bounded generative engines to agents with expansive execution privileges, AI going out of control precipitates a fundamental crisis in artificial intelligence security. Existing defense architectures…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Benlong Wu , Weiming Zhang , Kejiang Chen , Han Fang , Nenghai Yu

AI agents are vulnerable to prompt injection attacks, where malicious content hijacks agent behavior to steal credentials or cause financial loss. The only known robust defense is architectural isolation that strictly separates trusted task…

Indirect prompt injection threatens LLM agents by embedding malicious instructions in external content, enabling unauthorized actions and data theft. LLM agents maintain working memory through their context window, which stores interaction…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Ruoyao Wen , Hao Li , Chaowei Xiao , Ning Zhang

Agentic AI coding editors driven by large language models have recently become more popular due to their ability to improve developer productivity during software development. Modern editors such as Cursor are designed not just for code…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Yue Liu , Yanjie Zhao , Yunbo Lyu , Ting Zhang , Haoyu Wang , David Lo

When AI agents retrieve and reason over external documents, adversaries can manipulate the data they receive to subvert their behaviour. Previous research has studied indirect prompt injection, where the attacker injects malicious…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Michael Schlichtkrull