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Evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) with respect to real-world code complexity is essential. Otherwise, there is a risk of overestimating LLMs' programming abilities based on simplistic benchmarks, only to be disappointed when using…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yang Chen , Shuyang Liu , Reyhaneh Jabbarvand

Measuring software complexity plays an important role to meet the demands of complex software. The cyclomatic complexity is one of most used and renowned metric among the other three proposed and researched metrics that are namely: Line of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2014-12-22 Ankita Garg

Optimizing scientific software is a difficult task because codebases are often large and complex, and performance can depend upon several factors including the algorithm, its implementation, and hardware among others. Causes of poor…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-04-30 Daniel Nichols , Pranav Polasam , Harshitha Menon , Aniruddha Marathe , Todd Gamblin , Abhinav Bhatele

The rapid deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) requires careful consideration of their effect on cybersecurity. Our work aims to improve the selection process of LLMs that are suitable for facilitating Secure Coding (SC). This raises…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Anton Rydén , Erik Näslund , Elad Michael Schiller , Magnus Almgren

With the involvement of multiple programming languages in modern software development, cross-lingual code clone detection has gained traction within the software engineering community. Numerous studies have explored this topic, proposing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-07 Micheline Bénédicte Moumoula , Abdoul Kader Kabore , Jacques Klein , Tegawendé Bissyande

With the rapid development of Large Language Models (LLMs), a large number of machine learning models have been developed to assist programming tasks including the generation of program code from natural language input. However, how to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-19 Debalina Ghosh Paul , Hong Zhu , Ian Bayley

While code generation has been widely used in various software development scenarios, the quality of the generated code is not guaranteed. This has been a particular concern in the era of large language models (LLMs)- based code generation,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Zhenlan Ji , Pingchuan Ma , Zongjie Li , Shuai Wang

The Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated great potential in code-related tasks. However, most research focuses on improving the output quality of LLMs (e.g., correctness), and less attention has been paid to the LLM input (e.g.,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhipeng Xue , Xiaoting Zhang , Zhipeng Gao , Xing Hu , Shan Gao , Xin Xia , Shanping Li

Code quality evaluation involves scoring generated code quality based on a reference code for a specific problem statement. Currently, there are two main forms of evaluating code quality: match-based evaluation and execution-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Fangzhou Xu , Sai Zhang , Zhenchang Xing , Xiaowang Zhang , Yahong Han , Zhiyong Feng

Code based Language Models (LMs) have shown very promising results in the field of software engineering with applications such as code refinement, code completion and generation. However, the task of time and space complexity classification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-26 Kaushik Moudgalya , Ankit Ramakrishnan , Vamsikrishna Chemudupati , Xing Han Lu

Code analysis is fundamental in Software Engineering, supporting debugging, optimization, and security assessment. Human developers approach it through syntax parsing, static semantics inference, and dynamic reasoning. Traditional tools are…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Wei Ma , Zhihao Lin , Shangqing Liu , Qiang Hu , Ye Liu , Wenhan Wang , Cen Zhang , Liming Nie , Li Li , Yang Liu , Lingxiao Jiang

This paper presents a refined complexity calculus model: r-Complexity, a new asymptotic notation that offers better complexity feedback for similar programs than the traditional Bachmann-Landau notation, providing subtle insights even for…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Rares Folea , Emil-Ioan Slusanschi

The increasing complexity of software systems has driven significant advancements in program analysis, as traditional methods unable to meet the demands of modern software development. To address these limitations, deep learning techniques,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Jiayimei Wang , Tao Ni , Wei-Bin Lee , Qingchuan Zhao

In the era of large language models (LLMs), code benchmarks have become an important research area in software engineering and are widely used by practitioners. These benchmarks evaluate the performance of LLMs on specific code-related…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Zhiyuan Pan , Xing Hu , Xin Xia , Xiaohu Yang

Code review is a crucial practice in software development. As code review nowadays is lightweight, various issues can be identified, and sometimes, they can be trivial. Research has investigated automated approaches to classify review…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-08-14 Linh Nguyen , Chunhua Liu , Hong Yi Lin , Patanamon Thongtanunam

Code readability is one of the main aspects of code quality, influenced by various properties like identifier names, comments, code structure, and adherence to standards. However, measuring this attribute poses challenges in both industry…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-10-21 Igor Regis da Silva Simoes , Elaine Venson

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) are being increasingly employed in real-life applications, so evaluating them is critical. While the conventional accuracy evaluates the performance of Code LLMs on a set of individual tasks, their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-27 Marcus J. Min , Yangruibo Ding , Luca Buratti , Saurabh Pujar , Gail Kaiser , Suman Jana , Baishakhi Ray

This paper tackles the challenge of teaching code semantics to Large Language Models (LLMs) for program analysis by incorporating code symmetries into the model architecture. We introduce a group-theoretic framework that defines code…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Kexin Pei , Weichen Li , Qirui Jin , Shuyang Liu , Scott Geng , Lorenzo Cavallaro , Junfeng Yang , Suman Jana

The critique capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) is essential for reasoning abilities, which can provide necessary suggestions (e.g., detailed analysis and constructive feedback). Therefore, how to evaluate the critique capacity of…

Legacy software systems, written in outdated languages like MUMPS and mainframe assembly, pose challenges in efficiency, maintenance, staffing, and security. While LLMs offer promise for modernizing these systems, their ability to…