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Related papers: Evaluating and Calibrating LLM Confidence on Quest…

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Large language models (LLMs) are highly vulnerable to input confirmation bias. When a prompt implies a preferred answer, models often reinforce that bias rather than explore alternatives. This phenomenon remains underexplored, yet it is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Hazel Kim , Philip Torr

Probabilistic decoding in Large Language Models (LLMs) often yields inconsistent outputs, particularly on complex or long-form questions. Self-Consistency (SC) mitigates this for short-form QA by majority voting over exact strings, whereas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Jungsuk Oh , Jay-Yoon Lee

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in decision-making tasks, where not only accuracy but also reliable confidence estimates are essential. Well-calibrated confidence enables downstream systems to decide when to trust a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Duygu Nur Yaldiz , Evangelia Spiliopoulou , Zheng Qi , Siddharth Varia , Srikanth Doss , Nikolaos Pappas

Large Language Models (LLMs) perform well on many reasoning benchmarks, yet existing evaluations rarely assess their ability to distinguish between meaningful semantic relations and genuine unrelatedness. We introduce CORE (Comprehensive…

Large Language Models (LLMs) tend to be unreliable in the factuality of their answers. To address this problem, NLP researchers have proposed a range of techniques to estimate LLM's confidence over facts. However, due to the lack of a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Matéo Mahaut , Laura Aina , Paula Czarnowska , Momchil Hardalov , Thomas Müller , Lluís Màrquez

Large language models (LLMs) often produce confident but incorrect answers in settings where abstention would be safer. Standard evaluation protocols, however, require a response and do not account for how confidence should guide decisions…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Sean Wu , Fredrik K. Gustafsson , Edward Phillips , Boyan Gao , Anshul Thakur , David A. Clifton

The increased use of Large Language Models (LLMs) in sensitive domains leads to growing interest in how their confidence scores correspond to fairness and bias. This study examines the alignment between LLM-predicted confidence and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Ahmed Sabir , Markus Kängsepp , Rajesh Sharma

Verbal confidence -- prompting LLMs to state their confidence as a number or category -- is widely used to extract uncertainty estimates from black-box models. However, how LLMs internally generate such scores remains unknown. We address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Dharshan Kumaran , Arthur Conmy , Federico Barbero , Simon Osindero , Viorica Patraucean , Petar Veličković

In the realm of Large Language Model (LLM) functionalities, providing reliable information is paramount, yet reports suggest that LLM outputs lack consistency. This inconsistency, often at-tributed to randomness in token sampling,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yanggyu Lee , Jihie Kim

Calibration is commonly evaluated by comparing model confidence with its empirical correctness, implicitly treating reliability as a function of the confidence score alone. However, this view can hide substantial structure: models may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Katarzyna Kobalczyk , Mihaela van der Schaar

Calibrated confidence estimates are necessary for large language model (LLM) outputs to be trusted by human users. While LLMs can express their confidence in human-interpretable ways, verbalized LLM-generated confidence scores have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Victor Wang , Elias Stengel-Eskin

Estimating the prevalence of a category in a population using imperfect measurement devices (diagnostic tests, classifiers, or large language models) is fundamental to science, public health, and online trust and safety. Standard approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Fridolin Linder , Thomas Leeper , Daniel Haimovich , Niek Tax , Lorenzo Perini , Milan Vojnovic

Reliability and failure detection of large language models (LLMs) is critical for their deployment in high-stakes, multi-step reasoning tasks. Prior work explores confidence estimation for self-evaluating LLM-scorer systems, with confidence…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Vaibhav Mavi , Shubh Jaroria , Weiqi Sun

Large Language Models (LLMs) have exhibited remarkable performance across various downstream tasks, but they may generate inaccurate or false information with a confident tone. One of the possible solutions is to empower the LLM confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-17 Haixia Han , Tingyun Li , Shisong Chen , Jie Shi , Chengyu Du , Yanghua Xiao , Jiaqing Liang , Xin Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit remarkable fluency and competence across various natural language tasks. However, recent research has highlighted their sensitivity to variations in input prompts. To deploy LLMs in a safe and reliable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-30 Harsh Raj , Vipul Gupta , Domenic Rosati , Subhabrata Majumdar

Multiple-choice questions (MCQs) are widely used in the evaluation of large language models (LLMs) due to their simplicity and efficiency. However, there are concerns about whether MCQs can truly measure LLM's capabilities, particularly in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Wangyue Li , Liangzhi Li , Tong Xiang , Xiao Liu , Wei Deng , Noa Garcia

With the widespread application of Large Language Models (LLMs) to various domains, concerns regarding the trustworthiness of LLMs in safety-critical scenarios have been raised, due to their unpredictable tendency to hallucinate and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-04 Xin Qiu , Risto Miikkulainen

LLMs' overconfidence, particularly when hallucinating, poses a significant challenge for the deployment of the models in safety-critical settings and makes a reliable estimation of uncertainty necessary. Existing approaches for uncertainty…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Hamed Karimi , Vaishali Meyappan , Reza Samavi

Test-time scaling improves large language models' (LLMs) performance by allocating more compute budget during inference. To achieve this, existing methods often require intricate modifications to prompting and sampling strategies. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-04 Junqi Jiang , Tom Bewley , Salim I. Amoukou , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Saumitra Mishra , Francesca Toni

Question answering models can use rich knowledge sources -- up to one hundred retrieved passages and parametric knowledge in the large-scale language model (LM). Prior work assumes information in such knowledge sources is consistent with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-26 Hung-Ting Chen , Michael J. Q. Zhang , Eunsol Choi