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In any given machine learning problem, there may be many models that could explain the data almost equally well. However, most learning algorithms return only one of these models, leaving practitioners with no practical way to explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-27 Rui Xin , Chudi Zhong , Zhi Chen , Takuya Takagi , Margo Seltzer , Cynthia Rudin

Algorithmic fairness is typically studied from the perspective of predictions. Instead, here we investigate fairness from the perspective of recourse actions suggested to individuals to remedy an unfavourable classification. We propose two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-08 Julius von Kügelgen , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Umang Bhatt , Isabel Valera , Adrian Weller , Bernhard Schölkopf

In practical optimization problems, we typically model uncertainty as a random variable though its true probability distribution is unobservable to the decision maker. Historical data provides some information of this distribution that we…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-01-28 Arjun Ramachandra , Napat Rujeerapaiboon , Melvyn Sim

Algorithmic recourse aims to recommend actionable changes to a factual's attributes that flip an unfavorable model decision while remaining realistic and feasible. We formulate recourse as a Constrained Maximum A-Posteriori (MAP) inference…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Anagha Sabu , Vidhya S , Narayanan C Krishnan

Algorithmic recourse -- providing recommendations to those affected negatively by the outcome of an algorithmic system on how they can take action and change that outcome -- has gained attention as a means of giving persons agency in their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Andrew Bell , Joao Fonseca , Carlo Abrate , Francesco Bonchi , Julia Stoyanovich

Algorithmic recourse recommends a cost-efficient action to a subject to reverse an unfavorable machine learning classification decision. Most existing methods in the literature generate recourse under the assumption of complete knowledge…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-26 Duy Nguyen , Bao Nguyen , Viet Anh Nguyen

Counterfactual explanations play an important role in detecting bias and improving the explainability of data-driven classification models. A counterfactual explanation (CE) is a minimal perturbed data point for which the decision of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-27 Donato Maragno , Jannis Kurtz , Tabea E. Röber , Rob Goedhart , Ş. Ilker Birbil , Dick den Hertog

Robust waypoint prediction is crucial for mobile robots operating in open-world, safety-critical settings. While Imitation Learning (IL) methods have demonstrated great success in practice, they are susceptible to distribution shifts: the…

Counterfactual explanations (CEs) are a powerful means for understanding how decisions made by algorithms can be changed. Researchers have proposed a number of desiderata that CEs should meet to be practically useful, such as requiring…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-26 Marco Virgolin , Saverio Fracaros

Counterfactual Explanations (CEs) have received increasing interest as a major methodology for explaining neural network classifiers. Usually, CEs for an input-output pair are defined as data points with minimum distance to the input that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Junqi Jiang , Jianglin Lan , Francesco Leofante , Antonio Rago , Francesca Toni

People affected by machine learning model decisions may benefit greatly from access to recourses, i.e. suggestions about what features they could change to receive a more favorable decision from the model. Current approaches try to optimize…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-02-22 Prateek Yadav , Peter Hase , Mohit Bansal

Algorithmic recourse aims to disclose the inner workings of the black-box decision process in situations where decisions have significant consequences, by providing recommendations to empower beneficiaries to achieve a more favorable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Ahmad-Reza Ehyaei , Amir-Hossein Karimi , Bernhard Schölkopf , Setareh Maghsudi

Counterfactual (CF) explanations for machine learning (ML) models are preferred by end-users, as they explain the predictions of ML models by providing a recourse (or contrastive) case to individuals who are adversely impacted by predicted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Hangzhi Guo , Feiran Jia , Jinghui Chen , Anna Squicciarini , Amulya Yadav

In recent years, explainability in machine learning has gained importance. In this context, counterfactual explanation (CE), which is an explanation method that uses examples, has attracted attention. However, it has been pointed out that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Keita Kinjo

When subjected to automated decision-making, decision subjects may strategically modify their observable features in ways they believe will maximize their chances of receiving a favorable decision. In many practical situations, the…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2022-10-10 Keegan Harris , Valerie Chen , Joon Sik Kim , Ameet Talwalkar , Hoda Heidari , Zhiwei Steven Wu

Counterfactual explanations describe how to modify a feature vector in order to flip the outcome of a trained classifier. Obtaining robust counterfactual explanations is essential to provide valid algorithmic recourse and meaningful…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Alexandre Forel , Axel Parmentier , Thibaut Vidal

Research on algorithmic recourse typically considers how an individual can reasonably change an unfavorable automated decision when interacting with a fixed decision-making system. This paper focuses instead on the online setting, where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-02 Elliot Creager , Richard Zemel

Predictive models are being increasingly used to support consequential decision making at the individual level in contexts such as pretrial bail and loan approval. As a result, there is increasing social and legal pressure to provide…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-02 Amir-Hossein Karimi , Gilles Barthe , Borja Balle , Isabel Valera

While reinforcement learning (RL) algorithms have been successfully applied to numerous tasks, their reliance on neural networks makes their behavior difficult to understand and trust. Counterfactual explanations are human-friendly…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Jasmina Gajcin , Ivana Dusparic

Different users of machine learning methods require different explanations, depending on their goals. To make machine learning accountable to society, one important goal is to get actionable options for recourse, which allow an affected…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-12-21 Hidde Fokkema , Rianne de Heide , Tim van Erven