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Channel models are a fundamental component of wireless communication systems, providing critical insights into the physics of radio wave propagation. As wireless systems evolve every decade, the development of accurate and standardized…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-07-30 Hitesh Poddar , Dimitri Gold , Daewon Lee , Nan Zhang , Gokul Sridharan , Henrik Asplund , Mansoor Shafi

Driven by the pursuit of gigabit-per-second data speeds for future 6G mobile networks, in addition to the support of sensing and artificial intelligence applications, the industry is expanding beyond crowded sub-6 GHz bands with innovative…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-10 Ahmad Bazzi , Roberto Bomfin , Marco Mezzavilla , Sundeep Rangan , Theodore Rappaport , Marwa Chafii

The transition to 6G has driven significant updates to the 3GPP channel model, particularly in modeling UE antennas and user-induced blockage for handheld devices. The 3GPP Rel.19 revision of TR 38.901 introduces a more realistic framework…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-16 Simon Svendsen , Dimitri Gold , Christian Rom , Volker Pauli , Vuokko Nurmela

Motivated by increasing wireless capacity demands and 6G advancements, the newly defined Frequency Range 3 (FR3, 7.125-24.25 GHz), also known as the upper mid-band, has emerged as a promising spectrum candidate. It offers a balance between…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Fahimeh Aghaei , Mehdi Monemi , Mehdi Rasti , Murat Uysal

The sixth generation (6G) wireless communication nowadays is seeking a new spectrum to inherit the pros and discard the cons of sub-6 GHz, millimeter-wave (mmWave), and sub-terahertz (THz) bands. To this end, an upper mid-band with a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-22 Zhuangzhuang Cui , Peize Zhang , Sofie Pollin

Communications at mmWave frequencies will be a key enabler of the next generation of cellular networks, due to the multi-Gbps rate that can be achieved. However, there are still several problems that must be solved before this technology…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2018-09-06 Menglei Zhang , Michele Polese , Marco Mezzavilla , Sundeep Rangan , Michele Zorzi

Driven by the escalating demand for wireless capacity and advancements in 6G research, the new Frequency Range 3 (FR3) referred to upper mid-band (7.125-24.25 GHz) has emerged as a highly compelling spectrum candidate. This range offers a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Fahimeh Aghaei , Mehdi Monemi , Mehdi Rasti , Murat Uysal

Technologies like ultra-massive multiple-input-multiple-output (UM-MIMO) and reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) are of special interest to meet the key performance indicators of future wireless systems including ubiquitous…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Yiqin Wang , Chong Han , Shu Sun , Jianhua Zhang

Next generation cellular deployments are expected to exploit the 6-24 GHz frequency range 3 (FR3) and extremely large-scale multiple-input multiple-output (XL-MIMO) to enable ultra-high data rates and reliability. However, the significantly…

With the push toward 6G commercialization, Frequency Range 3 (FR3) bands, specifically 7.125-8.4 GHz and 14.8-15.3 GHz, have become focal points for achieving wide-area, high-capacity coverage. However, practical deployment is often limited…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-20 Enrui Liu , Pan Tang , Haiyang Miao , Qi Zhen , Jianhua Zhang

The upper mid-band (FR3) has been recently attracting interest for new generation of mobile networks, as it provides a promising balance between spectrum availability and coverage, which are inherent limitations of the sub 6GHz and…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-04-29 Yaqi Hu , Mingsheng Yin , Marco Mezzavilla , Hao Guo , Sundeep Rangan

Spanning 7-24 GHz, frequency range 3 (FR3), is a key enabler for next-generation wireless networks by bridging the coverage of sub-6 GHz and the capacity of millimeter-wave bands. Its unique propagation characteristics, such as extended…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Gayan Aruma Baduge , Mojtaba Vaezi , Janith K. Dassanayake , Muhammad Z. Hameed , Esa Ollila , Sergiy A Vorobyov

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless systems are expected to adopt extremely large aperture arrays (ELAAs), novel antenna architectures, and operate in extremely high-frequency bands to meet growing data demands. ELAAs significantly increase…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-30 Wen-Xuan Long , Shengyu Ye , Marco Moretti , Michele Morelli , Luca Sanguinetti , Rui Chen , Cheng-Xiang Wang

This paper presents a thorough validation of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) Technical Report (TR) 38.901 indoor hotspot (InH) path loss model, as part of the 3GPP Release 19 study on "Channel model validation of TR 38.901…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-04-23 Hitesh Poddar , Tomoki Yoshimura , Art Ishii

This article presents a data-driven system-level analysis of multi-layer 6G networks operating in the upper mid-band (FR3: 7-24 GHz). Unlike most prior studies based on 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) templates, we leverage…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-21 David López-Pérez , Nicola Piovesan , Matteo Bernabè

Channel modeling is a fundamental task for the design and evaluation of wireless technologies and networks, before actual prototyping, commercial product development and real deployments. The recent trends of current and future mobile…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Matteo Pagin , Sandra Lagén , Biljana Bojović , Michele Polese , Michele Zorzi

For the development of new 5G systems to operate in bands up to 100 GHz, there is a need for accurate radio propagation models at these bands that currently are not addressed by existing channel models developed for bands below 6 GHz. This…

The new mid-band (6-24 GHz) has attracted significant attention from both academia and industry, which is the spectrum with continuous bandwidth that combines the coverage benefits of low frequency with the capacity advantages of high…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-04-10 Haiyang Miao , Jianhua Zhang , Pan Tang , Jie Meng , Qi Zhen , Ximan Liu , Enrui Liu , Peijie Liu , Lei Tian , Guangyi Liu

The transition from 5G to 6G requires frequency-dependent, physically consistent radio channel models across the FR1--FR3 span, particularly in the under-explored $4$--$8$~GHz region targeted in the current WRC-$27$ studies, where outdoor…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Inocent Calist , Minseok Kim

6G communication will greatly benefit from using extremely large-scale antenna arrays (ELAAs) and new mid-band spectrums (7-24 GHz). These techniques require a thorough exploration of the challenges and potentials of the associated…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-05-13 Wei Fan , Zhiqiang Yuan , Yejian Lyu , Jianhua Zhang , Gert Pedersen , Jonathan Borrill , Fengchun Zhang
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