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The versatility of large language models (LLMs) led to the creation of diverse benchmarks that thoroughly test a variety of language models' abilities. These benchmarks consist of tens of thousands of examples making evaluation of LLMs very…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Felipe Maia Polo , Lucas Weber , Leshem Choshen , Yuekai Sun , Gongjun Xu , Mikhail Yurochkin

Comprehensive benchmarking of clustering algorithms is rendered difficult by two key factors: (i)~the elusiveness of a unique mathematical definition of this unsupervised learning approach and (ii)~dependencies between the generating models…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-01-11 Cameron Shand , Richard Allmendinger , Julia Handl , Andrew Webb , John Keane

The pursuit of leaderboard rankings in Large Language Models (LLMs) has created a fundamental paradox: models excel at standardized tests while failing to demonstrate genuine language understanding and adaptability. Our systematic analysis…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Sourav Banerjee , Ayushi Agarwal , Eishkaran Singh

Benchmarks underpin how progress in large language models (LLMs) is measured and trusted. Yet our analyses reveal that apparent convergence in benchmark accuracy can conceal deep epistemic divergence. Using two major reasoning benchmarks -…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Eddie Yang , Dashun Wang

Multi-label classification (MLC) is an ML task of predictive modeling in which a data instance can simultaneously belong to multiple classes. MLC is increasingly gaining interest in different application domains such as text mining,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-11-22 Ana Kostovska , Carola Doerr , Sašo Džeroski , Dragi Kocev , Panče Panov , Tome Eftimov

Human Label Variation (HLV), i.e. systematic differences among annotators' judgments, remains underexplored in benchmarks despite rapid progress in large language model (LLM) development. We address this gap by introducing an evaluation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Tomas Ruiz , Tanalp Agustoslu , Carsten Schwemmer

Evaluating multimodal large language models (MLLMs) is fundamentally challenged by the absence of structured, interpretable, and theoretically grounded benchmarks; current heuristically-grouped tasks have vague cognitive targets,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-14 Shengwu. Xiong , Tianyu. Zou , Cong. Wang , Xuelong Li

Machine learning (ML) needs industry-standard performance benchmarks to support design and competitive evaluation of the many emerging software and hardware solutions for ML. But ML training presents three unique benchmarking challenges…

Recent advances in probabilistic modelling have led to a large number of simulation-based inference algorithms which do not require numerical evaluation of likelihoods. However, a public benchmark with appropriate performance metrics for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-04-12 Jan-Matthis Lueckmann , Jan Boelts , David S. Greenberg , Pedro J. Gonçalves , Jakob H. Macke

Evaluation for many natural language understanding (NLU) tasks is broken: Unreliable and biased systems score so highly on standard benchmarks that there is little room for researchers who develop better systems to demonstrate their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-10-19 Samuel R. Bowman , George E. Dahl

The number of proposed iterative optimization heuristics is growing steadily, and with this growth, there have been many points of discussion within the wider community. One particular criticism that is raised towards many new algorithms is…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-02-16 Diederick Vermetten , Carola Doerr , Hao Wang , Anna V. Kononova , Thomas Bäck

Judgment aggregation studies how to combine individual judgments on logically related propositions into a collective judgment. Classical impossibility results show that sufficiently strong logical interconnections force dictatorship under…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Yutaka Nagai , Hirotaka Ono

Existing benchmarks for large language models (LLMs) increasingly struggle to differentiate between top-performing models, underscoring the need for more challenging evaluation frameworks. We introduce MMLU-Pro+, an enhanced benchmark…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Saeid Asgari Taghanaki , Aliasgahr Khani , Amir Khasahmadi

Given a set of conflicting arguments, there can exist multiple plausible opinions about which arguments should be accepted, rejected, or deemed undecided. We study the problem of how multiple such judgments can be aggregated. We define the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2017-06-20 Edmond Awad , Richard Booth , Fernando Tohme , Iyad Rahwan

Metaheuristic algorithms are essential for solving complex optimization problems in different fields. However, the difficulty in comparing and rating these algorithms remains due to the wide range of performance metrics and problem…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Evgenia-Maria K. Goula , Dimitris G. Sotiropoulos

Large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated significant utility in real-world applications, exhibiting impressive capabilities in natural language processing and understanding. Benchmark evaluations are crucial for assessing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Wenbo Zhang , Hengrui Cai , Wenyu Chen

Comparison with a human is an essential requirement for a benchmark for it to be a reliable measurement of model capabilities. Nevertheless, the methods for model comparison could have a fundamental flaw - the arithmetic mean of separate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-03 Shavrina Tatiana , Malykh Valentin

As LLMs rapidly saturate existing benchmarks, automated benchmark creation using LLMs (LLM-as-a-benchmark) -- where a model generates test inputs (LLM-as-a-testset) and evaluates outputs (LLM-as-an-evaluator) -- has gained traction as a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Wenda Xu , Sweta Agrawal , Vilém Zouhar , Markus Freitag , Daniel Deutsch

Evaluating AMR parsing accuracy involves comparing pairs of AMR graphs. The major evaluation metric, SMATCH (Cai and Knight, 2013), searches for one-to-one mappings between the nodes of two AMRs with a greedy hill-climbing algorithm, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-05-31 Linfeng Song , Daniel Gildea

The rapid proliferation of benchmarks for evaluating large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for systematic methods to assess benchmark quality itself. We propose Benchmark^2, a comprehensive framework comprising three…