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Does the grammatical gender of a language interfere when measuring the semantic gender information captured by its word embeddings? A number of anomalous gender bias measurements in the embeddings of gendered languages suggest this…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2022-06-06 Shiva Omrani Sabbaghi , Aylin Caliskan

Recent studies have suggested that large language models (LLMs) underperform on mathematical and computer science tasks when these problems are translated from Romanian into English, compared to their original Romanian format. Accurate…

The Latin script is often used to informally write languages with non-Latin native scripts. In many cases (e.g., most languages in India), the lack of conventional spelling in the Latin script results in high spelling variability. Such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Adrian Benton , Alexander Gutkin , Christo Kirov , Brian Roark

We propose a new benchmark to measure a language model's linguistic reasoning skills without relying on pre-existing language-specific knowledge. The test covers 894 questions grouped in 160 problems across 75 (mostly) extremely…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Eduardo Sánchez , Belen Alastruey , Christophe Ropers , Pontus Stenetorp , Mikel Artetxe , Marta R. Costa-jussà

As large-scale, pre-trained language models achieve human-level and superhuman accuracy on existing language understanding tasks, statistical bias in benchmark data and probing studies have recently called into question their true…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-09-13 Shane Storks , Joyce Chai

The Parallel Meaning Bank is a corpus of translations annotated with shared, formal meaning representations comprising over 11 million words divided over four languages (English, German, Italian, and Dutch). Our approach is based on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Lasha Abzianidze , Johannes Bjerva , Kilian Evang , Hessel Haagsma , Rik van Noord , Pierre Ludmann , Duc-Duy Nguyen , Johan Bos

Cross-cultural comparison of psychological meaning requires methods that go beyond word-level translation and examine how semantic dimensions are organized across languages. We introduce a cross-lingual extension of the Supervised Semantic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jan Sikora , Paweł Lenartowicz , Hubert Plisiecki

We introduce a professionally translated extension of the TruthfulQA benchmark designed to evaluate truthfulness in Basque, Catalan, Galician, and Spanish. Truthfulness evaluations of large language models (LLMs) have primarily been…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Blanca Calvo Figueras , Eneko Sagarzazu , Julen Etxaniz , Jeremy Barnes , Pablo Gamallo , Iria de-Dios-Flores , Rodrigo Agerri

Despite interest in using cross-lingual knowledge to learn word embeddings for various tasks, a systematic comparison of the possible approaches is lacking in the literature. We perform an extensive evaluation of four popular approaches of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2016-06-09 Shyam Upadhyay , Manaal Faruqui , Chris Dyer , Dan Roth

Cross-lingual alignment, the meaningful similarity of representations across languages in multilingual language models, has been an active field of research in recent years. We survey the literature of techniques to improve cross-lingual…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Katharina Hämmerl , Jindřich Libovický , Alexander Fraser

This paper analyzes dysarthric speech datasets from three languages with different prosodic systems: English, Korean, and Tamil. We inspect 39 acoustic measurements which reflect three speech dimensions including voice quality,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-04 Eun Jung Yeo , Sunhee Kim , Minhwa Chung

Perspective differences exist among different cultures or languages. A lack of mutual understanding among different groups about their perspectives on specific values or events may lead to uninformed decisions or biased opinions.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-04-14 Yufei Tian , Tuhin Chakrabarty , Fred Morstatter , Nanyun Peng

We introduce UniversalCEFR, a large-scale multilingual and multidimensional dataset of texts annotated with CEFR (Common European Framework of Reference) levels in 13 languages. To enable open research in automated readability and language…

Automatic semantic change methods try to identify the changes that appear over time in the meaning of words by analyzing their usage in diachronic corpora. In this paper, we analyze different strategies to create static and contextual word…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-24 Ciprian-Octavian Truică , Victor Tudose , Elena-Simona Apostol

Naively assuming English as a source language may hinder cross-lingual transfer for many languages by failing to consider the importance of language contact. Some languages are more well-connected than others, and target languages can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-22 Hoang H. Nguyen , Chenwei Zhang , Ye Liu , Natalie Parde , Eugene Rohrbaugh , Philip S. Yu

Knowing the degree of semantic contrast between words has widespread application in natural language processing, including machine translation, information retrieval, and dialogue systems. Manually-created lexicons focus on opposites, such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2013-08-30 Saif M. Mohammad , Bonnie J. Dorr , Graeme Hirst , Peter D. Turney

Idiomatic expressions are an integral part of human languages, often used to express complex ideas in compressed or conventional ways (e.g. eager beaver as a keen and enthusiastic person). However, their interpretations may not be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Wei He , Tiago Kramer Vieira , Marcos Garcia , Carolina Scarton , Marco Idiart , Aline Villavicencio

Croatian is poorly resourced and highly inflected language from Slavic language family. Nowadays, research is focusing mostly on English. We created a new word analogy corpus based on the original English Word2vec word analogy corpus and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-11-09 Lukas Svoboda , Slobodan Beliga

Confidence estimation (CE) indicates how reliable the answers of large language models are and impacts user trust and decision-making. Existing evaluations mainly concern the alignment between confidence and correctness, but ignore the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuxi Xia , Dennis Ulmer , Terra Blevins , Yihong Liu , Hinrich Schütze , Benjamin Roth

The diachronic evolution from Latin to the Romance languages involved a restructuring of the grammatical gender system from a tripartite configuration (masculine, feminine, neuter) to a bipartite one (masculine, feminine) in most Romance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Ahan Chatterjee , Matthias Schöffel , Matthias Aßenmacher , Marinus Wiedner , Esteban Garces Arias