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While integrating tools like Code Interpreter and Search has significantly enhanced Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning in models like ChatGPT Agent and Gemini-Pro, practical guidance on optimal tool use is lacking. The core challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yongchao Chen , Jiefeng Chen , Rui Meng , Ji Yin , Na Li , Chuchu Fan , Chi Wang , Tomas Pfister , Jinsung Yoon

A key operational challenge for call centers is to decide, in real time, which waiting customer should be served by which available agent. This is known as skill-based routing, and the decision becomes especially difficult in large systems…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-12 Baris Ata , Ebru Kasikaralar

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have shown impressive capabilities in tool manipulation for complex task-solving. However, existing paradigms such as ReAct rely on sequential reasoning and execution, failing to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-30 Jiaqi Wu , Qinlao Zhao , Zefeng Chen , Kai Qin , Yifei Zhao , Xueqian Wang , Yuhang Yao

The range, segment and rectangle query problems are fundamental problems in computational geometry, and have extensive applications in many domains. Despite the significant theoretical work on these problems, efficient implementations can…

Computational Geometry · Computer Science 2018-08-08 Yihan Sun , Guy E. Blelloch

Contemporary large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems exhibit systematic advantages in deep research tasks, which emphasize iterative, vertically structured information seeking. However, when confronted with wide search tasks…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Mingju Chen , Guibin Zhang , Heng Chang , Yuchen Guo , Shiji Zhou

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has driven the development of agentic systems capable of autonomously performing complex tasks. Despite their impressive capabilities, LLMs remain constrained by their internal knowledge…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Wenlin Zhang , Xiaopeng Li , Yingyi Zhang , Pengyue Jia , Yichao Wang , Huifeng Guo , Yong Liu , Xiangyu Zhao

Recent mechanistic studies suggest that large language models (LLMs) may utilize their depth inefficiently in standard single-turn tasks. Whether this still holds in autonomous agent settings, where models must perform multi-turn planning,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhenyu Cui , Xiangzhong Luo

In multi-agent planning, preserving the agents' privacy has become an increasingly popular research topic. For preserving the agents' privacy, agents jointly compute a plan that achieves mutual goals by keeping certain information private…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-06-11 Alfonso E. Gerevini , Nir Lipovetzky , Francesco Percassi , Alessandro Saetti , Ivan Serina

Large language model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems have demonstrated remarkable promise for tackling complex tasks by breaking them down into subtasks that are iteratively planned, executed, observed, and refined. Despite their…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Enhao Zhang , Erkang Zhu , Gagan Bansal , Adam Fourney , Hussein Mozannar , Jack Gerrits

Test-Time Scaling (TTS) enhances the reasoning capabilities of large language models by allocating additional inference compute to explore the solution space. However, existing parallel TTS methods typically keep branches isolated during…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xinglin Wang , Hao Lin , Shaoxiong Feng , Peiwen Yuan , Yiwei Li , Jiayi Shi , Yueqi Zhang , Chuyi Tan , Ji Zhang , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

The rapid advancement in Large Language Models has been met with significant challenges in their training processes, primarily due to their considerable computational and memory demands. This research examines parallelization techniques…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Ishan Patwardhan , Shubham Gandhi , Om Khare , Amit Joshi , Suraj Sawant

Scaling large language models typically involves three dimensions: depth, width, and parameter count. In this work, we explore a fourth dimension, \textbf{virtual logical depth} (VLD), which increases effective algorithmic depth without…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Ruike Zhu , Hanwen Zhang , Kevin Li , Tianyu Shi , Yiqun Duan , Chi Wang , Tianyi Zhou , Arindam Banerjee , Zengyi Qin

The number of parameters in large-scale language models based on transformers is gradually increasing, and the scale of computing clusters is also growing. The technology of quickly mobilizing large amounts of computing resources for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zongbiao Li , Xiezhao Li , Yinghao Cui , Yijun Chen , Zhixuan Gu , Yuxuan Liu , Wenbo Zhu , Fei Jia , Ke Liu , Qifeng Li , Junyao Zhan , Jiangtao Zhou , Chenxi Zhang , Qike Liu

Despite the integration of search tools, Deep Search Agents often suffer from a misalignment between reasoning-driven queries and the underlying web indexing structures. Existing frameworks treat the search engine as a static utility,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixuan Yu , Zhenheng Tang , Tongliang Liu , Chengqi Zhang , Xiaowen Chu , Bo Han

Deep search agents have proven effective in enhancing LLMs by retrieving external knowledge during multi-step reasoning. However, existing methods often generate a single query for retrieval at each reasoning step, limiting information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jiabei Liu , Wenyu Mao , Junfei Tan , Chunxu Shen , Lingling Yi , Jiancan Wu , Xiang Wang

The computational requirements for training deep neural networks (DNNs) have grown to the point that it is now standard practice to parallelize training. Existing deep learning systems commonly use data or model parallelism, but…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-23 Zhihao Jia , Matei Zaharia , Alex Aiken

Recent agentic search systems have made substantial progress by emphasising deep, multi-step reasoning. However, this focus often overlooks the challenges of wide-scale information synthesis, where agents must aggregate large volumes of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Ka Yiu Lee , Yuxuan Huang , Zhiyuan He , Huichi Zhou , Weilin Luo , Kun Shao , Meng Fang , Jun Wang

The rapid progress of Large Language Models (LLMs) has given rise to a new category of autonomous AI systems, referred to as Deep Research (DR) agents. These agents are designed to tackle complex, multi-turn informational research tasks by…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Yuxuan Huang , Yihang Chen , Haozheng Zhang , Kang Li , Huichi Zhou , Meng Fang , Linyi Yang , Xiaoguang Li , Lifeng Shang , Songcen Xu , Jianye Hao , Kun Shao , Jun Wang

Advances in inference methods have enabled language models to improve their predictions without additional training. These methods often prioritize raw performance over cost-effective compute usage. However, computational efficiency is key…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Florian Valentin Wunderlich , Lars Benedikt Kaesberg , Jan Philip Wahle , Terry Ruas , Bela Gipp

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with browsing tools substantially improves their potential as deep search agents to solve complex, real-world tasks. Yet, open LLMs still perform poorly in such settings due to limited long-horizon…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-15 Rui Lu , Zhenyu Hou , Zihan Wang , Hanchen Zhang , Xiao Liu , Yujiang Li , Shi Feng , Jie Tang , Yuxiao Dong