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Model-based reinforcement learning is attractive for sequential decision-making because it explicitly estimates reward and transition models and then supports planning through simulated rollouts. In offline settings with hidden confounding,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Nishanth Venkatesh , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Information retrieval (IR) evaluation remains challenging due to incomplete IR benchmark datasets that contain unlabeled relevant chunks. While LLMs and LLM-human hybrid strategies reduce costly human effort, they remain prone to LLM…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Minjeong Ban , Jeonghwan Choi , Hyangsuk Min , Nicole Hee-Yeon Kim , Minseok Kim , Jae-Gil Lee , Hwanjun Song

In this study, we explored the progression trajectories of artificial intelligence (AI) systems through the lens of complexity theory. We challenged the conventional linear and exponential projections of AI advancement toward Artificial…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Teo Susnjak , Timothy R. McIntosh , Andre L. C. Barczak , Napoleon H. Reyes , Tong Liu , Paul Watters , Malka N. Halgamuge

Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are deployed as collaborators in human decision-making. Yet, evaluation practices focus primarily on model accuracy rather than whether human-AI teams are prepared to collaborate safely and effectively.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Min Hun Lee

As AI agents proliferate across industries and applications, evaluating their performance based solely on infrastructural metrics such as latency, time-to-first-token, or token throughput is proving insufficient. These metrics fail to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-12 Waseem AlShikh , Muayad Sayed Ali , Brian Kennedy , Dmytro Mozolevskyi

As agent capabilities advance, existing benchmarks, such as $\tau^2$-Bench, are becoming increasingly saturated. Yet constructing new benchmark tasks remains complex, costly, and labor-intensive. Moreover, the standard approach, in which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tomer Keren , Nitay Calderon , Asaf Yehudai , Yotam Perlitz , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Roi Reichert

Human-AI teams play a pivotal role in improving overall system performance when neither the human nor the model can achieve such performance on their own. With the advent of powerful and accessible Generative AI models, several mundane…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Pranavkumar Mallela , Vinay Kumar , Shashi Shekhar Jha , Shweta Jain

Recent advances in autonomous LLM agents demonstrate their ability to improve performance through iterative interaction with the environment. We define this paradigm as Test-Time Improvement (TTI). However, the mechanisms under how and why…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Hang Yan , Xinyu Che , Fangzhi Xu , Qiushi Sun , Zichen Ding , Kanzhi Cheng , Jian Zhang , Tao Qin , Jun Liu , Qika Lin

Brain function relies on a precisely coordinated and dynamic balance between the functional integration and segregation of distinct neural systems. Characterizing the way in which neural systems reconfigure their interactions to give rise…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2021-01-28 Lingbin Bian , Tiangang Cui , B. T. Thomas Yeo , Alex Fornito , Adeel Razi , Jonathan Keith

Accurate estimation of item (question or task) difficulty is critical for educational assessment but suffers from the cold start problem. While Large Language Models demonstrate superhuman problem-solving capabilities, it remains an open…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ming Li , Han Chen , Yunze Xiao , Jian Chen , Hong Jiao , Tianyi Zhou

How well do AI systems perform in algorithm engineering for hard optimization problems in domains such as package-delivery routing, crew scheduling, factory production planning, and power-grid balancing? We introduce ALE-Bench, a new…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yuki Imajuku , Kohki Horie , Yoichi Iwata , Kensho Aoki , Naohiro Takahashi , Takuya Akiba

Time-series Generation (TSG) is a prominent research area with broad applications in simulations, data augmentation, and counterfactual analysis. While existing methods have shown promise in unconditional single-domain TSG, real-world…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-08 Hao Li , Yu-Hao Huang , Chang Xu , Viktor Schlegel , Renhe Jiang , Riza Batista-Navarro , Goran Nenadic , Jiang Bian

Comprehensive and accurate evaluation of general-purpose AI systems such as large language models allows for effective mitigation of their risks and deepened understanding of their capabilities. Current evaluation methodology, mostly based…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-01-01 Xiting Wang , Liming Jiang , Jose Hernandez-Orallo , David Stillwell , Luning Sun , Fang Luo , Xing Xie

The rapid adoption of AI-driven automation in IoT environments, particularly in smart cities and industrial systems, necessitates a standardized approach to quantify AIs computational workload. Existing methodologies lack a consistent…

Performance · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Aasish Kumar Sharma , Michael Bidollahkhani , Julian Martin Kunkel

Cognitive effort, defined as the relationship between cognitive load and task performance, provides insight into how individuals allocate mental resources during demanding tasks. This construct is particularly important in high-stakes…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Shayla Sharmin , Mohammad Fahim Abrar , Gael Lucero-Palacios , Aditya Raikwar , Roghayeh Leila Barmaki

Proximal causal inference provides a framework for estimating the average treatment effect (ATE) in the presence of unmeasured confounding by leveraging outcome and treatment proxies. Identification in this framework relies on the existence…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-29 Chunrong Ai , Jiawei Shan

In order to efficiently learn with small amount of data on new tasks, meta-learning transfers knowledge learned from previous tasks to the new ones. However, a critical challenge in meta-learning is the task heterogeneity which cannot be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-06 Huaxiu Yao , Xian Wu , Zhiqiang Tao , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding , Ruirui Li , Zhenhui Li

AI evaluation has primarily focused on measuring capabilities, with formal approaches inspired from Item Response Theory (IRT) being increasingly applied. Yet propensities - the tendencies of models to exhibit particular behaviours - play a…

Frontier AI safety policies highlight automation of AI research and development (R&D) by AI agents as an important capability to anticipate. However, there exist few evaluations for AI R&D capabilities, and none that are highly realistic…

Large language models can now generate intermediate reasoning steps before producing answers, improving performance on difficult problems by interactively developing solutions. This study uses a content moderation task to examine parallels…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Thomas Davidson