Related papers: Measuring Complexity at the Requirements Stage: Sp…
Complex systems have become a popular lens for analyzing cities and complexity theory has many implications for urban performance and resilience. This paper develops a typology of measures and indicators for assessing the physical…
Recommender Systems (RS) shape the filtering and curation of online content, yet we have limited understanding of how predictable their recommendation outputs are. We propose data-driven metrics that quantify the predictability of…
How can the complexity of ML-enabled systems be managed effectively? The goal of this research is to investigate how complexity affects ML-Enabled Systems (MLES). To address this question, this research aims to introduce a metrics-based…
With even the most trivial of applications now being written on top of millions of lines code of libraries, API's, and programming languages, much of the complexity that used to exist when designing software has been abstracted away to…
A good process model is expected not only to reflect the behavior of the process, but also to be as easy to read and understand as possible. Because preferences vary across different applications, numerous measures provide ways to reflect…
Research shows, that the major issue in development of quality software is precise estimation. Further this estimation depends upon the degree of intricacy inherent in the software i.e. complexity. This paper attempts to empirically…
Software systems are expansive, exhibiting behaviors characteristic of complex systems, such as self-organization and emergence. These systems, highlighted by advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) and other AI applications developed…
In Software Engineering, early detection of architectural issues is key. It helps mitigate the risk of poor performance, and lowers the cost of repairing these issues. Metrics give a quick overview of the project which helps designers with…
Software implements a significant proportion of functionality in factory automation. Thus, efficient development and the reuse of software parts, so-called units, enhance competitiveness. Thereby, complex control software units are more…
Spreadsheets are widely used in industry, even for critical business processes. This implies the need for proper risk assessment in spreadsheets to evaluate the reliability and validity of the spreadsheet's outcome. As related research has…
What does the informational complexity of dynamical networked systems tell us about intrinsic mechanisms and functions of these complex systems? Recent complexity measures such as integrated information have sought to operationalize this…
Several complexity metrics are described which are related to logic structure, data structure and size of spreadsheet models. They primarily concentrate on the dispersion of cell references and cell paths. Most metrics are newly defined,…
The complexity of highly interconnected systems is rooted in the interwoven architecture defined by its connectivity structure. In this paper, we develop matrix energy of the underlying connectivity structure as a measure of topological…
Complexity measures are essential to understand complex systems and there are numerous definitions to analyze one-dimensional data. However, extensions of these approaches to two or higher-dimensional data, such as images, are much less…
Systematic generalization remains challenging for current language models, which are known to be both sensitive to semantically similar permutations of the input and to struggle with known concepts presented in novel contexts. Although…
Pre-Requirement Specification traceability is the activity of capturing relations between requirements and their sources, in particular user needs. Requirements are formal technical specifications in the solution space; needs are natural…
Background: Developers spend a lot of their time on understanding source code. Static code analysis tools can draw attention to code that is difficult for developers to understand. However, most of the findings are based on non-validated…
This paper proposes some new architectural metrics which are appropriate for evaluating the architectural attributes of a software system. The main feature of our approach is to assess the complexity of a software architecture by analyzing…
There are many dimensions of software complexity. In this article, we explore how structural complexity is measured and used to study and control evolving software systems. We also present the current research challenges and emerging trends…
The paper reviews two prominent approaches for the measurement of technological complexity: the method of reflection and the assessment of technologies' combinatorial difficulty. It discusses their central underlying assumptions and…