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Deep learning is widely applied to modern problems through neural networks, but the growing computational and energy demands of these models have driven interest in more efficient approaches. Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), the third…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Mahitha Pulivathi , Ana Fontes Rodrigues , Isibor Kennedy Ihianle , Andreas Oikonomou , Srinivas Boppu , Pedro Machado

Achieving deterministic computation results in asynchronous neuromorphic systems remains a fundamental challenge due to the inherent temporal stochasticity of continuous-time hardware. To address this, we develop a unified continuous-time…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Jing Yan , Kang You , Zhezhi He , Yaoyu Zhang

Spiking neural network offers the most bio-realistic approach to mimic the parallelism and compactness of the human brain. A spiking neuron is the central component of an SNN which generates information-encoded spikes. We present a…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-31 Md Mazharul Islam , Shamiul Alam , Catherine D Schuman , Md Shafayat Hossain , Ahmedullah Aziz

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), particularly Spiking Transformers, offer energy-efficient processing of event-based sensor data for healthcare applications. Yet current architectures are rigid: they are trained and deployed as static…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Alberto Ancilotto , Gianluca Amprimo , Stefano Di Carlo , Elisabetta Farella

Artificial neural networks can harness stochasticity in multiple ways to enable a vast class of computationally powerful models. Electronic implementation of such stochastic networks is currently limited to addition of algorithmic noise to…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2018-03-30 Abhinav Parihar , Matthew Jerry , Suman Datta , Arijit Raychowdhury

As spiking neural networks (SNNs) are deployed increasingly in real-world efficiency critical applications, the security concerns in SNNs attract more attention. Currently, researchers have already demonstrated an SNN can be attacked with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-05-04 Ling Liang , Kaidi Xu , Xing Hu , Lei Deng , Yuan Xie

Deep neural networks have been proven to be highly effective tools in various domains, yet their computational and memory costs restrict them from being widely deployed on portable devices. The recent rapid increase of edge computing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Ayan Shymyrbay , Mohammed E. Fouda , Ahmed Eltawil

In this work, we propose ReStoCNet, a residual stochastic multilayer convolutional Spiking Neural Network (SNN) composed of binary kernels, to reduce the synaptic memory footprint and enhance the computational efficiency of SNNs for complex…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-02-13 Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Kaushik Roy

Multi-bit spiking neural networks (SNNs) have recently become a heated research spot, pursuing energy-efficient and high-accurate AI. However, with more bits involved, the associated memory and computation demands escalate to the point…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xingting Yao , Qinghao Hu , Fei Zhou , Tielong Liu , Gang Li , Peisong Wang , Jian Cheng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are receiving increased attention because they mimic synaptic connections in biological systems and produce spike trains, which can be approximated by binary values for computational efficiency. Recently, the…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-03-26 Nathan Lutes , Venkata Sriram Siddhardh Nadendla , K. Krishnamurthy

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) possess energy-efficient potential due to event-based computation. However, supervised training of SNNs remains a challenge as spike activities are non-differentiable. Previous SNNs training methods can be…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2019-10-08 Yunzhe Hao , Xuhui Huang , Meng Dong , Bo Xu

Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs), transform neural signals in the brain into in-structions to control external devices. However, obtaining sufficient training data is difficult as well as limited. With the advent of advanced machine…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2024-07-02 Shengjie Zheng , Wenyi Li , Lang Qian , Chenggang He , Xiaojian Li

Biologically-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), processing information using discrete-time events known as spikes rather than continuous values, have garnered significant attention due to their hardware-friendly and energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-08-21 Bin Lei , Sheng Lin , Pei-Hung Lin , Chunhua Liao , Caiwen Ding

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) provide an energy-efficient solution by utilizing the spike-based and sparse nature of biological systems. Since the advent of Transformers, SNNs have struggled to compete with artificial networks on long…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Yan Zhong , Ruoyu Zhao , Chao Wang , Qinghai Guo , Jianguo Zhang , Zhichao Lu , Luziwei Leng

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have shown advantages in computation and energy efficiency over traditional artificial neural networks (ANNs) thanks to their event-driven representations. SNNs also replace weight multiplications in ANNs with…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Yangfan Hu , Qian Zheng , Xudong Jiang , Gang Pan

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) communicate via discrete spikes in time rather than continuous activations. Their event-driven nature offers advantages for temporal processing and energy efficiency on resource-constrained hardware, but…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Karol C. Jurzec , Tomasz Szydlo , Maciej Wielgosz

Neuromorphic devices, leveraging novel physical phenomena, offer a promising path toward energy-efficient hardware beyond CMOS technology by emulating brain-inspired computation. However, their progress is often limited to proof-of-concept…

Applied Physics · Physics 2025-04-02 Sai Li , Linliang Chen , Yihao Zhang , Zhongkui Zhang , Ao Du , Biao Pan , Zhaohao Wang , Lianggong Wen , Weisheng Zhao

Embedded AI systems are expected to incur low power/energy consumption for solving machine learning tasks, as these systems are usually power constrained (e.g., object recognition task in autonomous mobile agents with portable batteries).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-07-04 Rachmad Vidya Wicaksana Putra , Muhammad Shafique

Implantable brain-machine interfaces (iBMIs) are evolving to record from thousands of neurons wirelessly but face challenges in data bandwidth, power consumption, and implant size. We propose a novel Spiking Neural Network Spike Detector…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-13 Chanwook Hwang , Biyan Zhou , Ye Ke , Vivek Mohan , Jong Hwan Ko , Arindam Basu

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) that mimic information transmission in the brain can energy-efficiently process spatio-temporal information through discrete and sparse spikes, thereby receiving considerable attention. To improve accuracy and…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Byunggook Na , Jisoo Mok , Seongsik Park , Dongjin Lee , Hyeokjun Choe , Sungroh Yoon