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Language models have been effectively applied to modeling natural signals, such as images, video, speech, and audio. A crucial component of these models is the codec tokenizer, which compresses high-dimensional natural signals into…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-02-26 Shengpeng Ji , Ziyue Jiang , Wen Wang , Yifu Chen , Minghui Fang , Jialong Zuo , Qian Yang , Xize Cheng , Zehan Wang , Ruiqi Li , Ziang Zhang , Xiaoda Yang , Rongjie Huang , Yidi Jiang , Qian Chen , Siqi Zheng , Zhou Zhao

With recent rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), discrete speech tokenization has played an important role for injecting speech into LLMs. However, this discretization gives rise to a loss of information, consequently impairing…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-07-23 Zhichao Huang , Chutong Meng , Tom Ko

Visual tokenization via auto-encoding empowers state-of-the-art image and video generative models by compressing pixels into a latent space. Although scaling Transformer-based generators has been central to recent advances, the tokenizer…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-01-17 Philippe Hansen-Estruch , David Yan , Ching-Yao Chung , Orr Zohar , Jialiang Wang , Tingbo Hou , Tao Xu , Sriram Vishwanath , Peter Vajda , Xinlei Chen

Recent advances in latent diffusion models have demonstrated their effectiveness for high-resolution image synthesis. However, the properties of the latent space from tokenizer for better learning and generation of diffusion models remain…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Hao Chen , Yujin Han , Fangyi Chen , Xiang Li , Yidong Wang , Jindong Wang , Ze Wang , Zicheng Liu , Difan Zou , Bhiksha Raj

This paper presents LongCat-Audio-Codec, an audio tokenizer and detokenizer solution designed for industrial grade end-to-end speech large language models. By leveraging a decoupled model architecture and a multistage training strategy,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-10-20 Xiaohan Zhao , Hongyu Xiang , Shengze Ye , Song Li , Zhengkun Tian , Guanyu Chen , Ke Ding , Guanglu Wan

Large-scale text-to-speech (TTS) systems are limited by the scarcity of clean, multilingual recordings. We introduce Sidon, a fast, open-source speech restoration model that converts noisy in-the-wild speech into studio-quality speech and…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Wataru Nakata , Yuki Saito , Yota Ueda , Hiroshi Saruwatari

Most current speech enhancement (SE) methods recover clean speech from noisy inputs by directly estimating time-frequency masks or spectrums. However, these approaches often neglect the distinct attributes, such as semantic content and…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-21 Yang Xiang , Canan Huang , Desheng Hu , Jingguang Tian , Xinhui Hu , Chao Zhang

Current speech large language models build upon discrete speech representations, which can be categorized into semantic tokens and acoustic tokens. However, existing speech tokens are not specifically designed for speech language modeling.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-24 Xin Zhang , Dong Zhang , Shimin Li , Yaqian Zhou , Xipeng Qiu

Discrete audio tokens are compact representations that aim to preserve perceptual quality, phonetic content, and speaker characteristics while enabling efficient storage and inference, as well as competitive performance across diverse…

Visual generative models based on latent space have achieved great success, underscoring the significance of visual tokenization. Mapping images to latents boosts efficiency and enables multimodal alignment for scaling up in downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yunpeng Qu , Kaidong Zhang , Yukang Ding , Ying Chen , Jian Wang

Autoregressive (AR) language models rely on causal tokenization, but extending this paradigm to vision remains non-trivial. Current visual tokenizers either flatten 2D patches into non-causal sequences or enforce heuristic orderings that…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Yitong Chen , Zuxuan Wu , Xipeng Qiu , Yu-Gang Jiang

Audio tokenization bridges continuous waveforms and multi-track music language models. In dual-track modeling, tokens should preserve three properties at once: high-fidelity reconstruction, strong predictability under a language model, and…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Rui Lin , Zhiyue Wu , Jiahe Le , Kangdi Wang , Weixiong Chen , Junyu Dai , Tao Jiang

Efficiently representing audio signals in a compressed latent space is critical for latent generative modelling. However, existing autoencoders often force a choice between continuous embeddings and discrete tokens. Furthermore, achieving…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Marco Pasini , Stefan Lattner , George Fazekas

Recent advances in Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) have been largely fueled by massive speech corpora. However, extending coverage to diverse languages with limited resources remains a formidable challenge. This paper introduces Speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Tianduo Wang , Lu Xu , Wei Lu , Shanbo Cheng

Vision Transformer (ViT) autoencoders have emerged as compelling tokenizers for images, offering improved reconstruction over convolutional tokenizers. However, existing ViT tokenizers cannot explore this landscape as performance degrades…

Generative modeling has recently achieved remarkable success across text, image, and audio domains, demonstrating powerful capabilities for unified representation learning. However, audio generation models still face challenges in terms of…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Chengwei Liu , Haoyin Yan , Shaofei Xue , Xiaotao Liang , Yinghao Liu , Zheng Xue , Gang Song , Boyang Zhou

Image tokenizers form the foundation of modern text-to-image generative models but are notoriously difficult to train. Furthermore, most existing text-to-image models rely on large-scale, high-quality private datasets, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-05 Dongwon Kim , Ju He , Qihang Yu , Chenglin Yang , Xiaohui Shen , Suha Kwak , Liang-Chieh Chen

Existing speech tokenizers typically assign a fixed number of tokens per second, regardless of the varying information density or temporal fluctuations in the speech signal. This uniform token allocation mismatches the intrinsic structure…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-14 Rui-Chen Zheng , Wenrui Liu , Hui-Peng Du , Qinglin Zhang , Chong Deng , Qian Chen , Wen Wang , Yang Ai , Zhen-Hua Ling

Discrete Audio codecs (or audio tokenizers) have recently regained interest due to the ability of Large Language Models (LLMs) to learn their compressed acoustic representations. Various publicly available trainable discrete tokenizers…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-10-14 Slava Shechtman , Avihu Dekel

Neural audio codecs are at the core of modern conversational speech technologies, converting continuous speech into sequences of discrete tokens that can be processed by LLMs. However, existing codecs typically operate at fixed frame rates,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli