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Agentic search such as Deep Research systems-where agents autonomously browse the web, synthesize information, and return comprehensive citation-backed answers-represents a major shift in how users interact with web-scale information. While…

In today's artificial intelligence driven world, modern systems communicate with people from diverse backgrounds and skill levels. For human-machine interaction to be meaningful, systems must be aware of context and user expertise. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Aisvarya Adeseye , Jouni Isoaho , Seppo Virtanen , Mohammad Tahir

As language models (LMs) evolve from chat assistants to long-horizon agents capable of multi-step reasoning and tool use, existing benchmarks remain largely confined to structured or exam-style tasks that fall short of real-world…

LLM-as-Judge has emerged as a scalable alternative to human evaluation, enabling large language models (LLMs) to provide reward signals in trainings. While recent work has explored multi-agent extensions such as multi-agent debate and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Chiyu Ma , Enpei Zhang , Yilun Zhao , Wenjun Liu , Yaning Jia , Peijun Qing , Lin Shi , Arman Cohan , Yujun Yan , Soroush Vosoughi

Large Language Model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems are increasingly applied to automate computational workflows in science and engineering. However, how inter-agent dynamics influence reasoning quality and verification reliability remains…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Chuan Tian , Yilei Zhang

Large language models excel on objectively verifiable tasks such as math and programming, where evaluation reduces to unit tests or a single correct answer. In contrast, real-world enterprise work is often subjective and context-dependent:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-25 Abhishek Chandwani , Ishan Gupta

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enables large language models (LLMs) to access external knowledge sources, but the effectiveness of RAG relies on the coordination between the retriever and the generator. Since these components are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Junlin Wang , Zehao Wu , Shaowei Lu , Yanlan Li , Xinghao Huang

As agentic AI systems increasingly operate autonomously, establishing trust through verifiable evaluation becomes critical. Yet existing benchmarks lack the transparency and auditability needed to assess whether agents behave reliably. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Hyunjun Kim , Sooyoung Ryu

AI evaluation is undergoing a structural change. Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as systems that act over time through tools, environments, users, and other agents, while many evaluation practices still inherit…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Keyang Xuan , Peiyang Song , Pan Lu , Pengrui Han , Wenkai Li , Zhenyu Zhang , Zexue He , Wenyue Hua , Manling Li , Jiaxuan You , Adrian Weller , Yizhong Wang , Jiaxin Pei

Divergent thinking is a core dimension of creativity, yet existing evaluations of Large Language Models (LLMs) treat them as single-turn text generations, failing to capture how an agent reasons through iterative interaction. To address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Jihyeong Park , Ingeol Baek , Jeonghyun Park , Hwanhee Lee

Deep research agents increasingly automate complex information-seeking tasks, producing evidence-grounded reports via multi-step reasoning, tool use, and synthesis. Their growing role demands scalable, reliable evaluation, positioning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Leyao Wang , Yanan He , Peng Chen , Asaf Yehudai , Yixin Liu , Rex Ying , Michal Shmueli-Scheuer , Arman Cohan

Assessment and evaluation have long been critical challenges in artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing (NLP). Traditional methods, usually matching-based or small model-based, often fall short in open-ended and dynamic…

The growing application of artificial intelligence in sensitive domains has intensified the demand for systems that are not only accurate but also explainable and trustworthy. Although explainable AI (XAI) methods have proliferated, many do…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-06 Marilyn Bello , Rafael Bello , Maria-Matilde García , Ann Nowé , Iván Sevillano-García , Francisco Herrera

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated exceptional capabilities across diverse tasks, driving the development and widespread adoption of LLM-as-a-Judge systems for automated evaluation, including red teaming and benchmarking.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Songze Li , Chuokun Xu , Jiaying Wang , Xueluan Gong , Chen Chen , Jirui Zhang , Jun Wang , Kwok-Yan Lam , Shouling Ji

Large language models can consult information that fixed static analyzers cannot, such as documentation, current security advisories, version-specific metadata, and informal API contracts. This makes LLMs a compelling option for program…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jacqueline L. Mitchell , Chao Wang

Deep Research Agents generate analyst-grade reports, yet evaluating them remains challenging due to the absence of a single ground truth and the multidimensional nature of research quality. Recent benchmarks propose distinct methodologies,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Elad Ben Avraham , Changhao Li , Ron Dorfman , Roy Ganz , Oren Nuriel , Amir Dudai , Aviad Aberdam , Noah Flynn , Elman Mansimov , Adi Kalyanpur , Ron Litman

Agentic workflows -- where multiple large language model (LLM) instances interact to solve tasks -- are increasingly built on feedback mechanisms, where one model evaluates and critiques another. Despite the promise of feedback-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Yifei Ming , Zixuan Ke , Xuan-Phi Nguyen , Jiayu Wang , Shafiq Joty

The remarkable growth in large language model (LLM) capabilities has spurred exploration into multi-agent systems, with debate frameworks emerging as a promising avenue for enhanced problem-solving. These multi-agent debate (MAD)…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Yongjin Yang , Euiin Yi , Jongwoo Ko , Kimin Lee , Zhijing Jin , Se-Young Yun

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have given rise to the LLM-as-a-judge paradigm, showcasing their potential to deliver human-like judgments. However, in the field of machine translation (MT) evaluation, current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-21 Zhaopeng Feng , Jiayuan Su , Jiamei Zheng , Jiahan Ren , Yan Zhang , Jian Wu , Hongwei Wang , Zuozhu Liu

Evaluating the capabilities and risks of foundation models is paramount, yet current methods demand extensive domain expertise, hindering their scalability as these models rapidly evolve. We introduce SKATE: a novel evaluation framework in…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Dewi S. W. Gould , Bruno Mlodozeniec , Samuel F. Brown