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While LLMs exhibit impressive fluency and factual recall, they struggle with robust causal reasoning, often relying on spurious correlations and brittle patterns. Similarly, traditional Reinforcement Learning agents also lack causal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Abi Aryan , Zac Liu

Previous studies proposed that the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs) can be improved through self-reflection, i.e., letting LLMs reflect on their own output to identify and correct mistakes in the initial responses.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Fengyuan Liu , Nouar AlDahoul , Gregory Eady , Yasir Zaki , Talal Rahwan

Interpretable graph learning has recently emerged as a popular research topic in machine learning. The goal is to identify the important nodes and edges of an input graph that are crucial for performing a specific graph reasoning task. A…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Kecheng Cai , Chenyang Xu , Chao Peng , Jiafu Huang , Qiyuan Liang , Irene Zheng

While large language models (LLMs) are proficient at question-answering (QA), it is not always clear how (or even if) an answer follows from their latent "beliefs". This lack of interpretability is a growing impediment to widespread use of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-31 Nora Kassner , Oyvind Tafjord , Ashish Sabharwal , Kyle Richardson , Hinrich Schuetze , Peter Clark

Self-reflection -- the ability of a large language model (LLM) to revisit, evaluate, and revise its own reasoning -- has recently emerged as a powerful behavior enabled by reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR). While…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Xudong Zhu , Jiachen Jiang , Mohammad Mahdi Khalili , Zhihui Zhu

We examine whether data generated by explanation techniques, which promote a process of self-reflection, can improve classifier performance. Our work is based on the idea that humans have the ability to make quick, intuitive decisions as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Johannes Schneider , Michalis Vlachos

R1-style LLMs have attracted growing attention for their capacity for self-reflection, yet the internal mechanisms underlying such behavior remain unclear. To bridge this gap, we anchor on the onset of reflection behavior and trace its…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yanrui Du , Yibo Gao , Sendong Zhao , Jiayun Li , Haochun Wang , Qika Lin , Kai He , Bing Qin , Mengling Feng

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance on complex reasoning tasks using techniques such as chain-of-thought and self-consistency. However, ensemble-based approaches, especially self-consistency which relies on…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Qinglin Zeng , Jing Yang , Keze Wang

Large proprietary language models exhibit strong causal reasoning abilities that smaller open-source models struggle to replicate. We introduce a novel framework for distilling causal explanations that transfers causal reasoning skills from…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Aggrey Muhebwa , Khalid K. Osman

Evaluating conversational systems in multi-turn settings remains a fundamental challenge. Conventional pipelines typically rely on manually defined rubrics and fixed conversational context$-$a static approach that limits coverage and fails…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Yunzhe Li , Richie Yueqi Feng , Tianxin Wei , Chin-Chia Hsu

Faithful evaluation of language model capabilities is crucial for deriving actionable insights that can inform model development. However, rigorous causal evaluations in this domain face significant methodological challenges, including…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Jikai Jin , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Sham Kakade , Hanlin Zhang

With widening deployments of natural language processing (NLP) in daily life, inherited social biases from NLP models have become more severe and problematic. Previous studies have shown that word embeddings trained on human-generated…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-13 Lei Ding , Dengdeng Yu , Jinhan Xie , Wenxing Guo , Shenggang Hu , Meichen Liu , Linglong Kong , Hongsheng Dai , Yanchun Bao , Bei Jiang

Self-consciousness, the introspection of one's existence and thoughts, represents a high-level cognitive process. As language models advance at an unprecedented pace, a critical question arises: Are these models becoming self-conscious?…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Sirui Chen , Shu Yu , Shengjie Zhao , Chaochao Lu

We explore a method for improving the performance of large language models through self-reflection and reinforcement learning. By incentivizing the model to generate better self-reflections when it answers incorrectly, we demonstrate that a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Shelly Bensal , Umar Jamil , Christopher Bryant , Melisa Russak , Kiran Kamble , Dmytro Mozolevskyi , Muayad Ali , Waseem AlShikh

Language models (LMs) can perform complex reasoning either end-to-end, with hidden latent state, or compositionally, with transparent intermediate state. Composition offers benefits for interpretability and safety, but may need workflow…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-01-06 Justin Reppert , Ben Rachbach , Charlie George , Luke Stebbing , Jungwon Byun , Maggie Appleton , Andreas Stuhlmüller

With large language models (LLMs) increasingly deployed as cognitive engines for AI agents, the reliability and effectiveness critically hinge on their intrinsic epistemic agency, which remains understudied. Epistemic agency, the ability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Lingyu Li , Yixu Wang , Haiquan Zhao , Shuqi Kong , Yan Teng , Chunbo Li , Yingchun Wang

In clinical decision-making, predictive models face a persistent trade-off: accurate models are often opaque "black boxes," while interpretable methods frequently lack predictive precision or statistical grounding. In this paper, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zijian Shao , Haiyang Shen , Mugeng Liu , Gecheng Fu , Yaoqi Guo , Yanfeng Wang , Yun Ma

The increasing size and complexity of modern ML systems has improved their predictive capabilities but made their behavior harder to explain. Many techniques for model explanation have been developed in response, but we lack clear criteria…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-13 Eldar David Abraham , Karel D'Oosterlinck , Amir Feder , Yair Ori Gat , Atticus Geiger , Christopher Potts , Roi Reichart , Zhengxuan Wu

Current reasoning paradigms for LLMs include chain-of-thought, ReAct, and post-hoc self-critique. These paradigms rely on two assumptions that fail on long-horizon, multi-stage tasks. As a result, errors accumulate silently across reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Fan Huang

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have found success in real-world applications, their underlying explanatory process is still poorly understood. This paper proposes IBE-Eval, a framework inspired by philosophical accounts on Inference to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-04 Dhairya Dalal , Marco Valentino , André Freitas , Paul Buitelaar
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