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This paper describes the energy scale procedures and germanium detectors performance in the LEGEND-200 experiment, a critical component for the first unblinding in the search for neutrinoless double beta decay. We detail the digital signal…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-25 The LEGEND Collaboration , H. Acharya , M. Agostini , A. Alexander , C. Alvarez-Garcia , V. Aures , F. T. Avignone , M. Babicz , W. Bae , M. Balata , A. S. Barabash , P. S. Barbeau , C. J. Barton , L. Baudis , C. Bauer , S. Bellman , E. Bernieri , J. P. Ulloa Beteta , L. Bezrukov , K. H. Bhimani , V. Biancacci , A. Biondi , R. Biondi , E. Blalock , P. Bongratz , S. J. Borden , G. Borghi , F. Borra , B. Bos , A. Boston , G. Botogoske , R. Bouabid , R. Brugnera , T. Bürger , N. Burlac , M. Busch , S. Calgaro , N. Canci , L. Canonica , S. Capra , M. Carminati , R. M. D. Carney , L. Carroll , C. Cattadori , R. Cesarano , Y. -D. Chan , J. R. Chapman , A. Chernogorov , P. -J. Chiu , O. Chkvorets , C. D. Christofferson , A. I. Colon-Rivera , F. Confortini , D. D'Agostino , V. D'Andrea , G. De Gregorio , R. Deckert , J. A. Detwiler , N. Di Marco , F. Di Capua , C. Di Fraia , A. Di Giacinto , D. Di Leo , T. Dixon , K. -M. Dong , A. Drobizhev , G. Duran , Yu. Efremenko , S. R. Elliott , T. Elmikawy , C. H. J. Emmanuel , E. Engelhardt , E. Esch , L. Favilla , M. Febbraro , F. Ferella , R. Feriozzi , D. E. Fields , C. Fiorini , M. Fomina , N. Fuad , R. Gala , A. Galindo-Uribarri , A. Gangapshev , A. Garfagnini , S. Gazzana , A. Geraci , L. Gessler , C. Ghiano , A. Gieb , S. Giri , A. Gogosha , M. Gold , M. P. Green , G. Grünauer , J. Gruszko , I. Guinn , V. E. Guiseppe , Y. Gurov , K. Gusev , B. Hackett , F. Hagemann , M. Haranczyk , F. Henkes , R. Henning , J. Herrera , D. Hervas Aguilar , J. Hinton , R. Hodák , H. F. R. Hoffmann , M. Huber , M. Hult , A. Iorio , U. T. Islek , A. Jany , J. Jochum , D. S. Judson , M. Junker , J. Kaizer , V. Kazalov , M. F. Kidd , T. Kihm , K. Kilgus , A. Klimenko , K. T. Knöpfle , I. Kochanek , O. Kochetov , I. Kontul , V. N. Kornoukhov , A. B. Kowaleswska , P. Krause , H. Krishnamoorthy , V. V. Kuzminov , K. Lang , M. Laubenstein , N. N. P. N. Lay , A. Leder , B. Lehnert , A. Leonhardt , N. Levashko , A. Li , L. Y. Li , Y. -R. Lin , I. Lippi , A. Love , A. Lubashevskiy , B. Lubsandorzhiev , N. Lusardi , B. Majorovits , F. Mamedov , G. G. Marshall , E. L. Martin , R. D. Martin , R. Massarczyk , A. Mazumdar , G. McDowell , D. -M. Mei , M. Menzel , S. Mertens , E. Miller , I. Mirza , M. Misiaszek , M. Morella , B. Morgan , D. Muenstermann , C. J. Nave , M. Neuberger , N. O'Briant , F. Paissan , L. Papp , K. Pelczar , L. Pertoldi , W. Pettus , F. Piastra , M. Pichotta , P. Piseri , A. W. P. Poon , P. P. Povinec , A. Pullia , W. S. Quinn , D. C. Radford , Y. A. Ramachers , A. L. Reine , S. Riboldi , E. Richards , K. Rielage , C. Romo-Luque , B. Rossi , N. Rossi , S. Rozov , N. Rumyantseva , R. Saakyan , S. Sailer , G. Salamanna , F. Salamida , G. Saleh , E. Sanchez Garcia , C. Savarese , D. C. Schaper , J. Schlegel , S. J. Schleich , L. Schlüter , S. Schönert , O. Schulz , A. -K. Schütz , M. Schwarz , M. Schweizer , B. Schwingenheuer , C. Seibt , G. Senatore , A. Serafini , K. Shakhov , E. Shevchik , H. Shi , M. Shirchenko , Y. Shitov , N. Sierig , H. Simgen , F. Šimkovic , S. Simonaitis-Boyd , M. Singh , M. Skorokhvatov , M. Slavíčková , J. A. Solomon , G. Song , A. C. Sousa , A. R. Sreekala , L. Steinhart , I. Štekl , T. Sterr , M. Stommel , R. Stroili , S. A. Sullivan , R. R. Sumathi , K. Szczepaniec , L. Taffarello , D. Tagnani , V. Tretyak , M. Turqueti , E. E. van Nieuwenhuizen , L. J. Varriano , S. Vasilyev , V. Vatsa , C. Vignoli , C. Vogl , I. Wang , A. Warren , J. N. Warren , D. Waters , S. L. Watkins , C. Wiesinger , J. F. Wilkerson , M. Willers , M. Wojcik , D. Xu , E. Yakushev , T. Ye , C. -H. Yu , V. Yumatov , D. Zinatulina , K. Zuber , G. Zuzel

We describe a new high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector setup for low-background {\gamma}-ray spectrometry. The GeMSE facility (Germanium Material and meteorite Screening Experiment) is dedicated to material screening for rare event…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2017-01-06 M. v. Sivers , B. A. Hofmann , Å. V. Rosén , M. Schumann

The study of neutrinoless double beta decay has attracted much attention as it can provide valuable information about the mass and the nature of the neutrino. The double beta decay (DBD) itself is also of interest in nuclear physics. While…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2021-11-18 Swati Thakur , A. Mazumdar , R. Shah , V. Vatsa , V. Nanal , M. S. Pose , Pushpendra P. Singh , P. K. Raina , R. G. Pillay

Experiments to search for neutrinoless double-beta (0{\nu}\b{eta}\b{eta}) decay of 76Ge using a high-purity germanium (HPGe) detector rely heavily on background suppression technologies to enhance their sensitivities. In this work, we…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-05-31 Jingzhe Yang , Yang Tian , Wenhan Dai , Mingxin Yang , Lin Jiang , Jinjun Wen , Tao Xue , Ming Zeng , Zhi Zeng , Yulan Li

$P$-type high-purity germanium (HPGe) detectors are widely used across many scientific domains, and current data analysis methods have served well in many use cases. However, applications like low-background experiments that search for rare…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-10 P. Zhang , W. Dai , Q. Zhang , F. Hagemann , O. Schulz , C. Alvarez-Garcia , L. Yang , Q. Yue , Z. Zeng , J. Cheng , H. Ma

The next generation of low-background physics experiments will require the use of materials with unprecedented radio-purity. A gamma-counting facility at the Kimballton Underground Research Facility (KURF) has been commissioned to perform…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2011-05-25 P. Finnerty , S. MacMullin , H. O. Back , R. Henning , A. Long , K. T. Macon , J. Strain , R. M. Lindstrom , R. B. Vogelaar

Commercial argon contains cosmogenic $^{42}$Ar whose progeny $^{42}$K is a critical background component for the Large Enriched Germanium Experiment for Neutrinoless $\beta \beta$ Decay (LEGEND). LEGEND operates High-Purity Germanium (HPGe)…

The observation of neutrinoless double-beta decay (0${\nu}{\beta}{\beta}$) would show that lepton number is violated, reveal that neutrinos are Majorana particles, and provide information on neutrino mass. A discovery-capable experiment…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2018-06-15 LEGEND Collaboration , N. Abgrall , A. Abramov , N. Abrosimov , I. Abt , M. Agostini , M. Agartioglu , A. Ajjaq , S. I. Alvis , F. T. Avignone , X. Bai , M. Balata , I. Barabanov , A. S. Barabash , P. J. Barton , L. Baudis , L. Bezrukov , T. Bode , A. Bolozdynya , D. Borowicz , A. Boston , H. Boston , S. T. P. Boyd , R. Breier , V. Brudanin , R. Brugnera , M. Busch , M. Buuck , A. Caldwell , T. S. Caldwell , T. Camellato , M. Carpenter , C. Cattadori , J. Cederkäll , Y. -D. Chan , S. Chen , A. Chernogorov , C. D. Christofferson , P. -H. Chu , R. J. Cooper , C. Cuesta , E. V. Demidova , Z. Deng , M. Deniz , J. A. Detwiler , N. Di Marco , A. Domula , Q. Du , Yu. Efremenko , V. Egorov , S. R. Elliott , D. Fields , F. Fischer , A. Galindo-Uribarri , A. Gangapshev , A. Garfagnini , T. Gilliss , M. Giordano , G. K. Giovanetti , M. Gold , P. Golubev , C. Gooch , P. Grabmayr , M. P. Green , J. Gruszko , I. S. Guinn , V. E. Guiseppe , V. Gurentsov , Y. Gurov , K. Gusev , J. Hakenmüeller , L. Harkness-Brennan , Z. R. Harvey , C. R. Haufe , L. Hauertmann , D. Heglund , L. Hehn , A. Heinz , R. Hiller , J. Hinton , R. Hodak , W. Hofmann , S. Howard , M. A. Howe , M. Hult , L. V. Inzhechik , J. Janicskó Csáthy , R. Janssens , M. Ješkovský , J. Jochum , H. T. Johansson , D. Judson , M. Junker , J. Kaizer , K. Kang , V. Kazalov , Y. Kermaïdic , F. Kiessling , A. Kirsch , A. Kish , A. Klimenko , K. T. K. T. Knöpfle , O. Kochetov , S. I. Konovalov , I. Kontul , V. N. Kornoukhov , T. Kraetzschmar , K. Kröninger , A. Kumar , V. V. Kuzminov , K. Lang , M. Laubenstein , A. Lazzaro , Y. L. Li , Y. -Y. Li , H. B. Li , S. T. Lin , M. Lindner , I. Lippi , S. K. Liu , X. Liu , J. Liu , D. Loomba , A. Lubashevskiy , B. Lubsandorzhiev , G. Lutter , H. Ma , B. Majorovits , F. Mamedov , R. D. Martin , R. Massarczyk , J. A. J. Matthews , N. McFadden , D. -M. Mei , H. Mei , S. J. Meijer , D. Mengoni , S. Mertens , W. Miller , M. Miloradovic , R. Mingazheva , M. Misiaszek , P. Moseev , J. Myslik , I. Nemchenok , T. Nilsson , P. Nolan , C. O'Shaughnessy , G. Othman , K. Panas , L. Pandola , L. Papp , K. Pelczar , D. Peterson , W. Pettus , A. W. P. Poon , P. P. Povinec , A. Pullia , X. C. Quintana , D. C. Radford , J. Rager , C. Ransom , F. Recchia , A. L. Reine , S. Riboldi , K. Rielage , S. Rozov , N. W. Rouf , E. Rukhadze , N. Rumyantseva , R. Saakyan , E. Sala , F. Salamida , V. Sandukovsky , G. Savard , S. Schönert , A. -K. Schütz , O. Schulz , M. Schuster , B. Schwingenheuer , O. Selivanenko , B. Sevda , B. Shanks , E. Shevchik , M. Shirchenko , F. Simkovic , L. Singh , V. Singh , M. Skorokhvatov , K. Smolek , A. Smolnikov , A. Sonay , M. Spavorova , I. Stekl , D. Stukov , D. Tedeschi , J. Thompson , T. Van Wechel , R. L. Varner , A. A. Vasenko , S. Vasilyev , A. Veresnikova , K. Vetter , K. von Sturm , K. Vorren , M. Wagner , G. -J. Wang , D. Waters , W. -Z. Wei , T. Wester , B. R. White , C. Wiesinger , J. F. Wilkerson , M. Willers , C. Wiseman , M. Wojcik , H. T. Wong , J. Wyenberg , W. Xu , E. Yakushev , G. Yang , C. -H. Yu , Q. Yue , V. Yumatov , J. Zeman , Z. Zeng , I. Zhitnikov , B. Zhu , D. Zinatulina , A. Zschocke , A. J. Zsigmond , K. Zuber , G. Zuzel

High Purity Germanium Detectors have excellent energy resolution; the best among the technologies used in double beta decay. Since neutrino-less double beta decay hinges on the search for a rare peak upon a background continuum, this…

Nuclear Experiment · Physics 2019-04-19 Frank T. Avignone , Steven R. Elliott

The performance of a 630g commercial broad energy germanium (BEGe) detector has been systematically investigated. Energy resolution, linearity, stability vs. high-voltage (HV) bias, thickness and uniformity of dead layers have been measured…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2015-03-17 M. Agostini , E. Bellotti , R. Brugnera , C. M. Cattadori , A. D'Andragora , A. di Vacri , A. Garfagnini , M. Laubenstein , L. Pandola , C. A. Ur

LArGe is a GERDA low-background test facility to study novel background suppression methods in a low-background environment, for future application in the GERDA experiment. Similar to GERDA, LArGe operates bare germanium detectors submersed…

The LEGEND Experiment searches for the neutrinoless double beta (0$\nu\beta\beta$) decay of $^{76}$Ge employing active high purity germanium detectors enriched in $^{76}$Ge beyond 86%. LEGEND's experimental program is articulated in two…

High Energy Physics - Experiment · Physics 2026-03-16 Giovanna Saleh

The GERmanium Detector Array, GERDA, will search for neutrinoless double beta decay in 76Ge at the National Gran Sasso Laboratory of the INFN. Bare high-purity germanium detectors enriched in 76Ge will be submerged in liquid argon serving…

In searching for the neutrinoless double-beta decay of $^{76}$Ge the GERmanium Detector Array (GERDA) experiment at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Gran Sasso has achieved an unprecedented low background of well below 10$^{-3}$…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2022-03-02 K. T. Knöpfle , B. Schwingenheuer

High-purity germanium detectors are widely used in rare-event searches due to their excellent energy resolution and extremely high intrinsic (radio)purity. In experiments searching for neutrinoless double beta decay in $^{76}$Ge such as…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-05-14 Alex Biondi , Krzysztof Szczepaniec , Tomasz Mróz , Marcin Misiaszek , Grzegorz Zuzel

Neutrinoless double-beta (0$\nu\beta\beta$) decay is the most compelling approach to determine the Majorana nature of neutrino and measure effective Majorana neutrino mass. The LEGEND collaboration is aiming to look for 0$\nu\beta\beta$…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2023-09-08 M. Ibrahim Mirza

A high efficiency, low background counting setup has been made at TIFR consisting of a special HPGe detector ($\sim$ 70%) surrounded by a low activity copper+lead shield. Detailed measurements are performed with point and extended geometry…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2014-08-21 N. Dokania , V. Singh , S. Mathimalar , V. Nanal , S. Pal , R. G. Pillay

Internal charge amplification (ICA) in cryogenic high-purity germanium (HPGe) can lower detection thresholds by providing gain inside the detector crystal, but reliable operation requires a predictive estimate of the avalanche-onset…

Instrumentation and Detectors · Physics 2026-03-04 Dongming Mei , Kunming Dong , Narayan Budhathoki , Shasika Panamaldeniya , Francisco Ponce