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The emergence of Large Language Models (LLMs) with increasingly sophisticated natural language understanding and generative capabilities has sparked interest in the Agent-based Modelling (ABM) community. With their ability to summarize,…

Large Language Model (LLM)-based agents are increasingly used as autonomous subordinates that carry out tasks for users. This raises the question of whether they may also engage in deception, similar to how individuals in human…

Large language models (LLMs) define a distribution over text, which can be viewed as a probabilistic representation of uncertainty: sampling K responses yields a belief state - responses a model deems plausible. Existing work exploits this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Joris Baan , Wilker Aziz , Barbara Plank , Raquel Fernández

Large Language Model (LLM)-based multi-agent systems are increasingly used to simulate human interactions and solve collaborative tasks. A common practice is to assign agents with personas to encourage behavioral diversity. However, this…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Jiayi Li , Xiao Liu , Yansong Feng

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in high-stakes domains, accurately assessing their confidence is crucial. Humans typically express confidence through epistemic markers (e.g., "fairly confident") instead of numerical…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Jiayu Liu , Qing Zong , Weiqi Wang , Yangqiu Song

Large language models (LLMs) are widely used in decision-making, but their reliability, especially in critical tasks like healthcare, is not well-established. Therefore, understanding how LLMs reason and make decisions is crucial for their…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-25 Ze Yu Zhang , Arun Verma , Finale Doshi-Velez , Bryan Kian Hsiang Low

There are two main barriers to using large language models (LLMs) in clinical reasoning. Firstly, while LLMs exhibit significant promise in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, their performance in complex reasoning and planning falls…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-31 Shengxin Hong , Liang Xiao , Xin Zhang , Jianxia Chen

When large language models (LLMs) are asked to perform certain tasks, how can we be sure that their learned representations align with reality? We propose a domain-agnostic framework for systematically evaluating distribution shifts in LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Tanush Chopra , Michael Li , Jacob Haimes

Motivated by the rapid ascent of Large Language Models (LLMs) and debates about the extent to which they possess human-level qualities, we propose a framework for testing whether any agent (be it a machine or a human) understands a subject…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Kevin Leyton-Brown , Yoav Shoham

Large Language Models (LLMs) are reported to hold undesirable attestation bias on inference tasks: when asked to predict if a premise P entails a hypothesis H, instead of considering H's conditional truthfulness entailed by P, LLMs tend to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Tianyang Liu , Tianyi Li , Liang Cheng , Mark Steedman

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly serve as human-like decision-making agents in social science and applied settings. These LLM-agents are typically assigned human-like characters and placed in real-life contexts. However, how these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-24 Ji Ma

Human cognition excels at transcending sensory input and forming latent representations that structure our understanding of the world. While Large Language Model (LLM) agents demonstrate emergent reasoning and decision-making abilities,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Hengguan Huang , Xing Shen , Songtao Wang , Lingfa Meng , Dianbo Liu , David Alejandro Duchene , Hao Wang , Samir Bhatt

While large language models (LLMs) improve performance by explicit reasoning, their responses are often overconfident, even though they include linguistic expressions demonstrating uncertainty. In this work, we identify what linguistic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Shintaro Ozaki , Wataru Hashimoto , Hidetaka Kamigaito , Katsuhiko Hayashi , Taro Watanabe

Agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly being deployed as interfaces to information on online platforms. These agents filter, prioritize, and synthesize information retrieved from the platforms' back-end databases or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-18 Mohammad Aflah Khan , Mahsa Amani , Soumi Das , Bishwamittra Ghosh , Qinyuan Wu , Krishna P. Gummadi , Manish Gupta , Abhilasha Ravichander

The increasing integration of large language models (LLMs) based conversational agents into everyday life raises critical cognitive and social questions about their potential to influence human opinions. Although previous studies have shown…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Miriam Havin , Timna Wharton Kleinman , Moran Koren , Yaniv Dover , Ariel Goldstein

Agents interacting with an incompletely known world need to be able to reason about the effects of their actions, and to gain further information about that world they need to use sensors of some sort. Unfortunately, both the effects of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2007-05-23 Fahiem Bacchus , Joseph Y. Halpern , Hector J. Levesque

Policymakers must often act under conditions of deep uncertainty, such as emergency response, where predicting the specific impacts of a policy apriori is implausible. Large Language Model (LLM) agent simulations have been proposed as tools…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Yuxuan Li , Sauvik Das , Hirokazu Shirado

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used in group decision-making, but their influence risks fostering conformity and reducing epistemic vigilance. Drawing on the Argumentative Theory of Reasoning, we argue that confirmation bias,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Sander de Jong , Rune Møberg Jacobsen , Niels van Berkel

Large language models are increasingly used as surrogate models for low-data optimization, but their optimizer-facing prediction and its uncertainty remain poorly understood. We study the surrogate belief elicited from an LLM under sparse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Ge Lei , Samuel J. Cooper

We aim to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) for embodied decision making. While a significant body of work has been leveraging LLMs for decision making in embodied environments, we still lack a systematic understanding of their…