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Effective speech representations for spoken language models must balance semantic relevance with acoustic fidelity for high-quality reconstruction. However, existing approaches struggle to achieve both simultaneously. To address this, we…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-03 Amir Hussein , Sameer Khurana , Gordon Wichern , Francois G. Germain , Jonathan Le Roux

Efficiently representing audio signals in a compressed latent space is critical for latent generative modelling. However, existing autoencoders often force a choice between continuous embeddings and discrete tokens. Furthermore, achieving…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Marco Pasini , Stefan Lattner , George Fazekas

Token-based language modeling is a prominent approach for speech generation, where tokens are obtained by quantizing features from self-supervised learning (SSL) models and extracting codes from neural speech codecs, generally referred to…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-30 Yang Yang , Yunpeng Li , George Sung , Shao-Fu Shih , Craig Dooley , Alessio Centazzo , Ramanan Rajeswaran

Neural audio codecs are a fundamental component of modern generative audio pipelines. Although recent codecs achieve strong low-bitrate reconstruction and provide powerful representations for downstream tasks, most are non-streamable,…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Luca Della Libera , Cem Subakan , Mirco Ravanelli

In this work, we address the challenge of encoding speech captured by a microphone array using deep learning techniques with the aim of preserving and accurately reconstructing crucial spatial cues embedded in multi-channel recordings. We…

Sound · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Zhongweiyang Xu , Yong Xu , Vinay Kothapally , Heming Wang , Muqiao Yang , Dong Yu

We present STFTCodec, a novel spectral-based neural audio codec that efficiently compresses audio using Short-Time Fourier Transform (STFT). Unlike waveform-based approaches that require large model capacity and substantial memory…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-03-24 Tao Feng , Zhiyuan Zhao , Yifan Xie , Yuqi Ye , Xiangyang Luo , Xun Guan , Yu Li

Neural Audio Codecs (NACs) have become increasingly adopted in speech processing tasks due to their excellent rate-distortion performance and compatibility with Large Language Models (LLMs) as discrete feature representations for audio…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Harry Julian , Rachel Beeson , Lohith Konathala , Johanna Ulin , Jiameng Gao

Recently, discrete tokens derived from self-supervised learning (SSL) models via k-means clustering have been actively studied as pseudo-text in speech language models and as efficient intermediate representations for various tasks.…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Kentaro Onda , Satoru Fukayama , Daisuke Saito , Nobuaki Minematsu

While knowledge distillation has shown success in various audio tasks, its application to environmental sound classification often overlooks essential low-level audio texture features needed to capture local patterns in complex acoustic…

Speech tokenizers are a key building block of fully discrete Speech LLMs.Existing tokenizers either prioritize semantic encoding,fuse semantic content with acoustic style inseparably,or achieve incomplete semantic-acoustic…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Hanlin Zhang , Daxin Tan , Dehua Tao , Xiao Chen , Haochen Tan , Yunhe Li , Yuchen Cao , Linqi Song

Neural speech codecs have gained great attention for their outstanding reconstruction with discrete token representations. It is a crucial component in generative tasks such as speech coding and large language models (LLM). However, most…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Youqiang Zheng , Weiping Tu , Yueteng Kang , Jie Chen , Yike Zhang , Li Xiao , Yuhong Yang , Long Ma

Speech codecs serve as bridges between speech signals and large language models. An ideal codec for speech language models should not only preserve acoustic information but also capture rich semantic information. However, existing speech…

Audio codecs are a critical component of modern speech generation systems. This paper introduces a low-bitrate, multi-scale residual codec that encodes speech into four distinct streams: semantic, timbre, prosody, and residual. This…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-25 Jingyu Li , Guangyan Zhang , Zhen Ye , Yiwen Guo

This paper considers the joint compression and enhancement problem for speech signal in the presence of noise. Recently, the SoundStream codec, which relies on end-to-end joint training of an encoder-decoder pair and a residual vector…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Jiayi Huang , Zeyu Yan , Wenbin Jiang , He Wang , Fei Wen

Neural audio codecs have revolutionized audio processing by enabling speech tasks to be performed on highly compressed representations. Recent work has shown that speech separation can be achieved within these compressed domains, offering…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-11-28 Jia Qi Yip , Chin Yuen Kwok , Bin Ma , Eng Siong Chng

Neural audio codecs (NACs), which use neural networks to generate compact audio representations, have garnered interest for their applicability to many downstream tasks -- especially quantized codecs due to their compatibility with large…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-08-13 Ryo Aihara , Yoshiki Masuyama , Gordon Wichern , François G. Germain , Jonathan Le Roux

While neural-based models have led to significant advancements in audio feature extraction, the interpretability of the learned representations remains a critical challenge. To address this, disentanglement techniques have been integrated…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Benoît Giniès , Xiaoyu Bie , Olivier Fercoq , Gaël Richard

Neural speech codecs provide discrete representations for speech language models, but emotional cues are often degraded during quantization. Existing codecs mainly optimize acoustic reconstruction, leaving emotion expressiveness…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Jiacheng Shi , Hongfei Du , Xinyuan Song , Y. Alicia Hong , Yanfu Zhang , Ye Gao

Speech tokenization is crucial in digital speech processing, converting continuous speech signals into discrete units for various computational tasks. This paper introduces a novel speech tokenizer with broad applicability across downstream…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Wonjin Jung , Sungil Kang , Dong-Yeon Cho

Neural audio codecs have recently enabled high-fidelity reconstruction at high compression rates, especially for speech. However, speech and non-speech audio exhibit fundamentally different spectral characteristics: speech energy…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Haoran Wang , Jiatong Shi , Jinchuan Tian , Bohan Li , Kai Yu , Shinji Watanabe