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Given the remarkable capabilities of large language models (LLMs), there has been a growing interest in evaluating their similarity to the human brain. One approach towards quantifying this similarity is by measuring how well a model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-24 Ebrahim Feghhi , Nima Hadidi , Bryan Song , Idan A. Blank , Jonathan C. Kao

Large language models (LLMs) have gained increasing attention due to their prominent ability to understand and process texts. Nevertheless, LLMs largely remain opaque. The lack of understanding of LLMs has obstructed the deployment in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Yang Zhang , Yanfei Dong , Kenji Kawaguchi

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive performance across various tasks. However, current training approaches combine standard cross-entropy loss with extensive data, human feedback, or ad hoc methods to enhance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Daniele Rege Cambrin , Giuseppe Gallipoli , Irene Benedetto , Luca Cagliero , Paolo Garza

Large foundation models are typically trained on data from multiple domains, with the data mixture--the proportion of each domain used--playing a critical role in model performance. The standard approach to selecting this mixture relies on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Mustafa Shukor , Louis Bethune , Dan Busbridge , David Grangier , Enrico Fini , Alaaeldin El-Nouby , Pierre Ablin

Training large language models (LLMs) typically involves pre-training on massive corpora, only to restart the process entirely when new data becomes available. A more efficient and resource-conserving approach would be continual…

In modern LLMs, linguistic features function not as stylistic artifacts but as probes of probability mass, allocated under training alignment objectives. Language models trained with contemporary pipelines exhibit severe reshaping of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Rohan Mahapatra

Using AI to create autonomous researchers has the potential to accelerate scientific discovery. A prerequisite for this vision is understanding how well an AI model can identify the underlying structure of a black-box system from its…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Jiayi Geng , Howard Chen , Dilip Arumugam , Thomas L. Griffiths

Despite the recent popularity of Large Language Models (LLMs) in Machine Translation (MT), their performance in low-resource languages (LRLs) still lags significantly behind Neural Machine Translation (NMT) models. In this work, we explore…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-07 Vivek Iyer , Bhavitvya Malik , Pavel Stepachev , Pinzhen Chen , Barry Haddow , Alexandra Birch

Large Language Models (LLMs) often struggle to use information across long inputs effectively. Prior work has identified positional biases, such as the Lost in the Middle (LiM) effect, where models perform better when information appears at…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-12 Blerta Veseli , Julian Chibane , Mariya Toneva , Alexander Koller

Protein language models (PLMs) have become widely adopted as general-purpose models, demonstrating strong performance in protein engineering and de novo design. Like large language models (LLMs), they are typically trained as deep…

This paper investigates the information encoded in the embeddings of large language models (LLMs). We conduct simulations to analyze the representation entropy and discover a power law relationship with model sizes. Building upon this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Zhiquan Tan , Chenghai Li , Weiran Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are demonstrably capable of cross-lingual transfer, but can produce inconsistent output when prompted with the same queries written in different languages. To understand how language models are able to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Zheng Wei Lim , Alham Fikri Aji , Trevor Cohn

Model merging combines independent solutions with different capabilities into a single one while maintaining the same inference cost. Two popular approaches are linear interpolation, which simply averages multiple model weights, and task…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Chenxiang Zhang , Alexander Theus , Damien Teney , Antonio Orvieto , Jun Pang , Sjouke Mauw

Training large language models is a computationally intensive process that often requires substantial resources to achieve state-of-the-art results. Incremental layer-wise training has been proposed as a potential strategy to optimize the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-02 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Shih-Chia Huang

Large language models (LLMs) show an innate skill for solving language based tasks. But insights have suggested an inability to adjust for information or task-solving skills becoming outdated, as their knowledge, stored directly within…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Jerry Huang , Prasanna Parthasarathi , Mehdi Rezagholizadeh , Sarath Chandar

Recent work has demonstrated the curse of depth in large language models (LLMs), where later layers contribute less to learning and representation than earlier layers. Such under-utilization is linked to the accumulated growth of variance…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Dilxat Muhtar , Xinyuan Song , Sebastian Pokutta , Max Zimmer , Nico Pelleriti , Thomas Hofmann , Shiwei Liu

Existing scaling laws for Large Language Models (LLMs), predominantly monotonic power laws, fail to explain emerging non-monotonic phenomena such as catastrophic overtraining and quantization-induced degradation, where performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Xu Ouyang , Deyi Liu , Yuhang Cai , Jing Liu , Yuan Yang , Chen Zheng , Thomas Hartvigsen , Yiyuan Ma

Predicting material properties is crucial for designing better batteries, semiconductors, and medical devices. Deep learning helps scientists quickly find promising materials by predicting their energy, forces, and stresses. Companies scale…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Akshay Trikha , Kyle Chu , Advait Gosai , Parker Szachta , Eric Weiner

With the rise of large language models (LLMs) for flexibly processing information as strings, a natural application is regression, specifically by preprocessing string representations into LLM embeddings as downstream features for metric…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Eric Tang , Bangding Yang , Xingyou Song

Are Large language models (LLMs) temporally grounded? Since LLMs cannot perceive and interact with the environment, it is impossible to answer this question directly. Instead, we provide LLMs with textual narratives and probe them with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yifu Qiu , Zheng Zhao , Yftah Ziser , Anna Korhonen , Edoardo M. Ponti , Shay B. Cohen