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This paper addresses the problem of qubit routing in first-generation and other near-term quantum computers. In particular, it is asserted that the qubit routing problem can be formulated as a reinforcement learning (RL) problem, and that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-29 Steven Herbert , Akash Sengupta

Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms have been used to address the challenging problems in the offloading process of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET). More recently, they have been utilized to improve the dissemination of high-definition…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Jeffrey Redondo , Nauman Aslam , Juan Zhang , Zhenhui Yuan

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem (CVRP) is a core NP-hard problem in the field of combinatorial optimization. It aims to plan optimal routes for a fleet of vehicles with uniform capacity, serving a set of customers with specific…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Yongyu Chen

Recent advance in classical reinforcement learning (RL) and quantum computation (QC) points to a promising direction of performing RL on a quantum computer. However, potential applications in quantum RL are limited by the number of qubits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-03-07 Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Chih-Min Huang , Chia-Wei Hsing , Hsi-Sheng Goan , Ying-Jer Kao

Quantum computing (QC) is expected to solve incredibly difficult problems, including finding optimal solutions to combinatorial optimization problems. However, to date, QC alone is still far to demonstrate this capability except on…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-19 James B. Holliday , Eneko Osaba , Khoa Luu

Recent neural combinatorial optimization (NCO) methods have shown promising problem-solving ability without requiring domain-specific expertise. Most existing NCO methods use training and testing data with a fixed constraint value and lack…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Fu Luo , Yaoxin Wu , Zhi Zheng , Zhenkun Wang

Classical reinforcement learning (RL) methods often struggle in complex, high-dimensional environments because of their extensive parameter requirements and challenges posed by stochastic, non-deterministic settings. This study introduces…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-09-16 Romerik Lokossou , Birhanu Shimelis Girma , Ozan K. Tonguz , Ahmed Biyabani

In recent years, quantum computing (QC) has been getting a lot of attention from industry and academia. Especially, among various QC research topics, variational quantum circuit (VQC) enables quantum deep reinforcement learning (QRL). Many…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-04-12 Won Joon Yun , Yunseok Kwak , Jae Pyoung Kim , Hyunhee Cho , Soyi Jung , Jihong Park , Joongheon Kim

This study examines the potential impact of reinforcement learning (RL)-enabled autonomous vehicles (AV) on urban traffic flow in a mixed traffic environment. We focus on a simplified day-to-day route choice problem in a multi-agent…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Ahmet Onur Akman , Anastasia Psarou , Zoltán György Varga , Grzegorz Jamróz , Rafał Kucharski

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem is a well-known NP-hard problem that poses the challenge of finding the optimal route of a vehicle delivering products to multiple locations. Recently, new efforts have emerged to create constructive…

The profiled vehicle routing problem (PVRP) is a generalization of the heterogeneous capacitated vehicle routing problem (HCVRP) in which the objective is to optimize the routes of vehicles to serve client demands subject to different…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-02-05 Chuanbo Hua , Federico Berto , Jiwoo Son , Seunghyun Kang , Changhyun Kwon , Jinkyoo Park

We propose a brand-new formulation of capacitated vehicle routing problem (CVRP) as quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO). The formulated CVRP is equipped with time-table which describes time-evolution of each vehicle.…

Solving real-world optimization problems with quantum computing requires choosing between a large number of options concerning formulation, encoding, algorithm and hardware. Finding good solution paths is challenging for end users and…

In this paper, we introduce Quantum-Train-Based Distributed Multi-Agent Reinforcement Learning (Dist-QTRL), a novel approach to addressing the scalability challenges of traditional Reinforcement Learning (RL) by integrating quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-13 Kuan-Cheng Chen , Samuel Yen-Chi Chen , Chen-Yu Liu , Kin K. Leung

Increasing demand for algorithms that can learn quickly and efficiently has led to a surge of development within the field of artificial intelligence (AI). An important paradigm within AI is reinforcement learning (RL), where agents…

Quantum computation has demonstrated a promising alternative to solving the NP-hard combinatorial problems. Specifically, when it comes to optimization, classical approaches become intractable to account for large-scale solutions.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-29 Farzan Moosavi , Bilal Farooq

The Capacitated Vehicle Routing Problem with Time Windows (CVRPTW) is a classic NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem widely applied in logistics distribution and transportation management. Its complexity stems from the constraints of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Linjiang Cao , Maonan Wang , Xi Xiong

Quantum computing offers new heuristics for combinatorial problems. With small- and intermediate-scale quantum devices becoming available, it is possible to implement and test these heuristics on small-size problems. A candidate for such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-15 David Fitzek , Toheed Ghandriz , Leo Laine , Mats Granath , Anton Frisk Kockum

In this paper, we describe the usage of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA), which is a quantum-classical heuristic, to solve a combinatorial optimization and integer programming task known as Vehicle Routing Problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-26 Utkarsh Azad , Bikash K. Behera , Emad A. Ahmed , Prasanta K. Panigrahi , Ahmed Farouk

Parameterised quantum circuit (PQC) based Quantum Reinforcement Learning (QRL) has emerged as a promising paradigm at the intersection of quantum computing and reinforcement learning (RL). By design, PQCs create hybrid quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-24 Javier Lazaro , Juan-Ignacio Vazquez , Pablo Garcia-Bringas