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With the increasing code reasoning capabilities of existing large language models (LLMs) and breakthroughs in reasoning models like OpenAI o1 and o3, there is a growing need to develop more challenging and comprehensive benchmarks that…

As large language models (LLMs) continue to advance, accurately and comprehensively evaluating their performance becomes increasingly challenging. Ranking the relative performance of LLMs based on Elo ratings, according to human judgment,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-14 Minghao Wu , Alham Fikri Aji

In Natural Language Processing (NLP), the Elo rating system, originally designed for ranking players in dynamic games such as chess, is increasingly being used to evaluate Large Language Models (LLMs) through "A vs B" paired comparisons.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-30 Meriem Boubdir , Edward Kim , Beyza Ermis , Sara Hooker , Marzieh Fadaee

Elo rating, widely used for skill assessment across diverse domains ranging from competitive games to large language models, is often understood as an incremental update algorithm for estimating a stationary Bradley-Terry (BT) model.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Shange Tang , Yuanhao Wang , Chi Jin

New large language models (LLMs) are being released every day. Some perform significantly better or worse than expected given their parameter count. Therefore, there is a need for a method to independently evaluate models. The current best…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Ashwin Ramaswamy , Nestor Demeure , Ermal Rrapaj

Current alignment methods for Large Language Models (LLMs) rely on compressing vast amounts of human preference data into static, absolute reward functions, leading to data scarcity, noise sensitivity, and training instability. We introduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jing Zhao , Ting Zhen , Junwei Bao , Hongfei Jiang , Yang Song

The Elo rating system is a highly successful ranking algorithm for games of skill where, by construction, one team wins and the other loses. A primary limitation of the original Elo algorithm is its inability to predict information beyond a…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-02-05 J. Scott Moreland , Matthew C. Superdock

This work reconciles two perspectives on the Elo ranking that coexist in the literature: the practitioner's view as a heuristic feedback rule, and the statistician's view as online maximum likelihood estimation via stochastic gradient…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-04-07 Leszek Szczecinski

Evaluations of large language models (LLMs) suffer from instability, where small changes of random factors such as few-shot examples can lead to drastic fluctuations of scores and even model rankings. Moreover, different LLMs can have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Yiyang Li , Yonghuang Wu , Ying Luo , Liangtai Sun , Zishu Qin , Lin Qiu , Xuezhi Cao , Xunliang Cai

Rating systems play a crucial role in evaluating player skill across competitive environments. The Elo rating system, originally designed for deterministic and information-complete games such as chess, has been widely adopted and modified…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-12-23 Avirup Chakraborty , Shirsa Maitra , Tathagata Banerjee , Diganta Mukherjee , Tridib Mukherjee

The TextClass Benchmark project is an ongoing, continuous benchmarking process that aims to provide a comprehensive, fair, and dynamic evaluation of LLMs and transformers for text classification tasks. This evaluation spans various domains…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-10 Bastián González-Bustamante

We introduce LLM CHESS, an evaluation framework designed to probe the generalization of reasoning and instruction-following abilities in large language models (LLMs) through extended agentic interaction in the domain of chess. We rank over…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Sai Kolasani , Maxim Saplin , Nicholas Crispino , Kyle Montgomery , Jared Quincy Davis , Matei Zaharia , Chi Wang , Chenguang Wang

Evaluation has traditionally focused on ranking candidates for a specific skill. Modern generalist models, such as Large Language Models (LLMs), decidedly outpace this paradigm. Open-ended evaluation systems, where candidate models are…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Siqi Liu , Ian Gemp , Luke Marris , Georgios Piliouras , Nicolas Heess , Marc Lanctot

Deciding which large language model (LLM) to use is a complex challenge. Pairwise ranking has emerged as a new method for evaluating human preferences for LLMs. This approach entails humans evaluating pairs of model outputs based on a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-18 Roland Daynauth , Christopher Clarke , Krisztian Flautner , Lingjia Tang , Jason Mars

This paper studies how the Elo rating system behaves when the underlying modelling assumptions are not met.

Probability · Mathematics 2024-12-20 Adam H. Hamilton , Matthew Roughan , Anna Kalenkova

This paper investigates how large language models (LLMs) are reshaping competitive programming. The field functions as an intellectual contest within computer science education and is marked by rapid iteration, real-time feedback,…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Dongyijie Primo Pan , Lan Luo , Ji Zhu , Zhiqi Gao , Xin Tong , Pan Hui

Large Language Models (LLMs) are commonly evaluated using human-crafted benchmarks, under the premise that higher scores implicitly reflect stronger human-like performance. However, there is growing concern that LLMs may ``game" these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-16 Zhikai Lei , Tianyi Liang , Hanglei Hu , Jin Zhang , Yunhua Zhou , Yunfan Shao , Linyang Li , Chenchui Li , Changbo Wang , Hang Yan , Qipeng Guo

Large Language Models are cognitively biased judges. Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently been shown to be effective as automatic evaluators with simple prompting and in-context learning. In this work, we assemble 15 LLMs of four…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-26 Ryan Koo , Minhwa Lee , Vipul Raheja , Jong Inn Park , Zae Myung Kim , Dongyeop Kang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in the field of artificial intelligence, showcasing their ability to interact with humans and influence human cognition through information dissemination. However, recent studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Qingquan Zhang , Qiqi Duan , Bo Yuan , Yuhui Shi , Jialin Liu

The zero-shot capability of Large Language Models (LLMs) has enabled highly flexible, reference-free metrics for various tasks, making LLM evaluators common tools in NLP. However, the robustness of these LLM evaluators remains relatively…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-06 Rickard Stureborg , Dimitris Alikaniotis , Yoshi Suhara
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