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The proliferation of hate speech has inflicted significant societal harm, with its intensity and directionality closely tied to specific targets and arguments. In recent years, numerous machine learning-based methods have been developed to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Zewen Bai , Liang Yang , Shengdi Yin , Yuanyuan Sun , Hongfei Lin

In the wake of a polarizing election, social media is laden with hateful content. To address various limitations of supervised hate speech classification methods including corpus bias and huge cost of annotation, we propose a weakly…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-05-23 Lei Gao , Alexis Kuppersmith , Ruihong Huang

Hate speech (HS) classifiers do not perform equally well in detecting hateful expressions towards different target identities. They also demonstrate systematic biases in predicted hatefulness scores. Tapping on two recently proposed…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-15 Yiping Jin , Leo Wanner , Aneesh Moideen Koya

Hate speech relies heavily on cultural influences, leading to varying individual interpretations. For that reason, we propose a Semantic Componential Analysis (SCA) framework for a cross-cultural and cross-domain analysis of hate speech…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Katerina Korre , Arianna Muti , Federico Ruggeri , Alberto Barrón-Cedeño

There is a rapid increase in the use of multimedia content in current social media platforms. One of the highly popular forms of such multimedia content are memes. While memes have been primarily invented to promote funny and buoyant…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Naquee Rizwan , Paramananda Bhaskar , Mithun Das , Swadhin Satyaprakash Majhi , Punyajoy Saha , Animesh Mukherjee

Hateful memes have emerged as a particularly challenging form of online abuse, motivating the development of automated detection systems. Most prior approaches rely on direct detection, producing only binary predictions. Such models fail to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jingbiao Mei , Mingsheng Sun , Jinghong Chen , Pengda Qin , Yuhong Li , Da Chen , Bill Byrne

Hate speech classifiers exhibit substantial performance degradation when evaluated on datasets different from the source. This is due to learning spurious correlations between words that are not necessarily relevant to hateful language, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-03-24 Tulika Bose , Nikolaos Aletras , Irina Illina , Dominique Fohr

In a hate speech detection model, we should consider two critical aspects in addition to detection performance-bias and explainability. Hate speech cannot be identified based solely on the presence of specific words: the model should be…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-11-02 Jiyun Kim , Byounghan Lee , Kyung-Ah Sohn

Automatic identification of hateful and abusive content is vital in combating the spread of harmful online content and its damaging effects. Most existing works evaluate models by examining the generalization error on train-test splits on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Lanqin Yuan , Marian-Andrei Rizoiu

Detecting and classifying instances of hate in social media text has been a problem of interest in Natural Language Processing in the recent years. Our work leverages state of the art Transformer language models to identify hate speech in a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-12 Sayar Ghosh Roy , Ujwal Narayan , Tathagata Raha , Zubair Abid , Vasudeva Varma

As open-ended human-chatbot interaction becomes commonplace, sensitive content detection gains importance. In this work, we propose a two stage semi-supervised approach to bootstrap large-scale data for automatic sensitive language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-12-03 Chandra Khatri , Behnam Hedayatnia , Rahul Goel , Anushree Venkatesh , Raefer Gabriel , Arindam Mandal

Hate speech has become pervasive in today's digital age. Although there has been considerable research to detect hate speech or generate counter speech to combat hateful views, these approaches still cannot completely eliminate the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Vibhor Agarwal , Yu Chen , Nishanth Sastry

Hate detection has long been a challenging task for the NLP community. The task becomes complex in a code-mixed environment because the models must understand the context and the hate expressed through language alteration. Compared to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Debajyoti Mazumder , Aakash Kumar , Jasabanta Patro

Most hate speech detection research focuses on a single language, generally English, which limits their generalisability to other languages. In this paper we investigate the cross-lingual hate speech detection task, tackling the problem by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-09 Aiqi Jiang , Arkaitz Zubiaga

Online hate remains a significant societal challenge, especially as multimodal content enables subtle, culturally grounded, and implicit forms of harm. Hateful memes embed hostility through text-image interactions and humor, making them…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Sahajpreet Singh , Kokil Jaidka , Subhayan Mukerjee

In recent years, the increasing propagation of hate speech on social media and the urgent need for effective counter-measures have drawn significant investment from governments, companies, and researchers. A large number of methods have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-26 Ziqi Zhang , Lei Luo

The pervasiveness of the Internet and social media have enabled the rapid and anonymous spread of Hate Speech content on microblogging platforms such as Twitter. Current EU and US legislation against hateful language, in conjunction with…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-02-10 Chrysoula Themeli , George Giannakopoulos , Nikiforos Pittaras

With the continuous growth of internet users and media content, it is very hard to track down hateful speech in audio and video. Converting video or audio into text does not detect hate speech accurately as human sometimes uses hateful…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-07-24 Fariha Tahosin Boishakhi , Ponkoj Chandra Shill , Md. Golam Rabiul Alam

The automatic identification of offensive language such as hate speech is important to keep discussions civil in online communities. Identifying hate speech in multimodal content is a particularly challenging task because offensiveness can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Amrita Ganguly , Al Nahian Bin Emran , Sadiya Sayara Chowdhury Puspo , Md Nishat Raihan , Dhiman Goswami , Marcos Zampieri

Identifying the targets of hate speech is a crucial step in grasping the nature of such speech and, ultimately, in improving the detection of offensive posts on online forums. Much harmful content on online platforms uses implicit language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-01 Nazanin Jafari , James Allan , Sheikh Muhammad Sarwar