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Minimizing empirical risk subject to a set of constraints can be a useful strategy for learning restricted classes of functions, such as monotonic functions, submodular functions, classifiers that guarantee a certain class label for some…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-10-26 Andrew Cotter , Maya Gupta , Jan Pfeifer

We analyze (stochastic) gradient descent (SGD) with delayed updates on smooth quasi-convex and non-convex functions and derive concise, non-asymptotic, convergence rates. We show that the rate of convergence in all cases consists of two…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-17 Sebastian U. Stich , Sai Praneeth Karimireddy

In this work we explore the limiting dynamics of deep neural networks trained with stochastic gradient descent (SGD). As observed previously, long after performance has converged, networks continue to move through parameter space by a…

Neural networks are trained by optimizing multi-dimensional sets of fitting parameters on non-convex loss landscapes. Low-loss regions of the landscapes correspond to the parameter sets that perform well on the training data. A key issue in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-26 Jianneng Yu , Alexandre V. Morozov

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the main algorithm behind a large body of work in machine learning. In many cases, constraints are enforced via projections, leading to projected stochastic gradient algorithms. In recent years, a large…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2025-10-06 Yuping Zheng , Andrew Lamperski

In this paper, we provide a comprehensive theoretical analysis of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) and its momentum variants (Polyak Heavy-Ball and Nesterov) for tracking time-varying optima under strong convexity and smoothness. Our…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-20 Sharan Sahu , Cameron J. Hogan , Martin T. Wells

The mini-batch stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is widely used in training machine learning models, in particular deep learning models. We study SGD dynamics under linear regression and two-layer linear networks, with an easy…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-04-29 Xin Qian , Diego Klabjan

The generalization performance of a machine learning algorithm such as a neural network depends in a non-trivial way on the structure of the data distribution. To analyze the influence of data structure on test loss dynamics, we study an…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-16 Blake Bordelon , Cengiz Pehlevan

We derive high-dimensional scaling limits and fluctuations for the online least-squares Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) algorithm by taking the properties of the data generating model explicitly into consideration. Our approach treats the…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-04-05 Krishnakumar Balasubramanian , Promit Ghosal , Ye He

In this paper, we propose a novel kernel stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm for large-scale supervised learning with general losses. Compared to traditional kernel SGD, our algorithm improves efficiency and scalability through an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jinhui Bai , Andreas Christmann , Lei Shi

To address the communication bottleneck challenge in distributed learning, our work introduces a novel two-stage quantization strategy designed to enhance the communication efficiency of distributed Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD). The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-05 Guangfeng Yan , Tan Li , Yuanzhang Xiao , Congduan Li , Linqi Song

One crucial factor behind the success of deep learning lies in the implicit bias induced by noise inherent in gradient-based training algorithms. Motivated by empirical observations that training with noisy labels improves model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tongcheng Zhang , Zhanpeng Zhou , Mingze Wang , Andi Han , Wei Huang , Taiji Suzuki , Junchi Yan

We investigate the dynamical and convergent properties of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) applied to Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Characterizing the relation between learning rate, batch size and the properties of the final minima, such…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-09-14 Stanisław Jastrzębski , Zachary Kenton , Devansh Arpit , Nicolas Ballas , Asja Fischer , Yoshua Bengio , Amos Storkey

Stochastic gradient descent (SGD) is the workhorse of large-scale learning, yet classical analyses rely on assumptions that can be either too strong (bounded variance) or too coarse (uniform noise). The expected smoothness (ES) condition…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Yuta Kawamoto , Hideaki Iiduka

Stochastic gradient descent~(SGD) and its variants have been the dominating optimization methods in machine learning. Compared to SGD with small-batch training, SGD with large-batch training can better utilize the computational power of…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-04-16 Shen-Yi Zhao , Chang-Wei Shi , Yin-Peng Xie , Wu-Jun Li

Motivated by the problem of online canonical correlation analysis, we propose the \emph{Stochastic Scaled-Gradient Descent} (SSGD) algorithm for minimizing the expectation of a stochastic function over a generic Riemannian manifold. SSGD…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-01-25 Chris Junchi Li , Michael I. Jordan

The Noisy-SGD algorithm is widely used for privately training machine learning models. Traditional privacy analyses of this algorithm assume that the internal state is publicly revealed, resulting in privacy loss bounds that increase…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-18 Shahab Asoodeh , Mario Diaz

We develop a general framework unifying several gradient-based stochastic optimization methods for empirical risk minimization problems both in centralized and distributed scenarios. The framework hinges on the introduction of an augmented…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-07-11 Yan Huang , Ying Sun , Zehan Zhu , Changzhi Yan , Jinming Xu

The non-asymptotic analysis of Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) typically yields bounds that decompose into a bias term and a variance term. In this work, we focus on the bias component and study the extent to which SGD can match the…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-02-02 Daniel Cortild , Lucas Ketels , Juan Peypouquet , Guillaume Garrigos

The gradient noise (GN) in the stochastic gradient descent (SGD) algorithm is often considered to be Gaussian in the large data regime by assuming that the classical central limit theorem (CLT) kicks in. This assumption is often made for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-21 Umut Simsekli , Levent Sagun , Mert Gurbuzbalaban
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