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The increasing heterogeneity of student populations poses significant challenges for teachers, particularly in mathematics education, where cognitive, motivational, and emotional differences strongly influence learning outcomes. While…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-05-21 Jana Gonnermann-Müller , Jennifer Haase , Konstantin Fackeldey , Sebastian Pokutta

Safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) has been gaining increasing attention. However, current safety-aligned LLMs suffer from the fragile and imbalanced safety mechanisms, which can still be induced to generate unsafe responses,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-18 Weixiang Zhao , Yulin Hu , Zhuojun Li , Yang Deng , Jiahe Guo , Xingyu Sui , Yanyan Zhao , Bing Qin , Tat-Seng Chua , Ting Liu

Embodied agents powered by large language models (LLMs) inherit advanced planning capabilities; however, their direct interaction with the physical world exposes them to safety vulnerabilities. In this work, we identify four key reasoning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Ruolin Chen , Yinqian Sun , Jihang Wang , Mingyang Lv , Qian Zhang , Yi Zeng

Safety evaluations of large language models (LLMs) typically focus on universal risks like dangerous capabilities or undesirable propensities. However, millions use LLMs for personal advice on high-stakes topics like finance and health,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Manon Kempermann , Sai Suresh Macharla Vasu , Mahalakshmi Raveenthiran , Theo Farrell , Ingmar Weber

Multilingual studies of social bias in open-ended LLM generation remain limited: most existing benchmarks are English-centric, template-based, or restricted to recognizing pre-specified stereotypes. We introduce StereoTales, a multilingual…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Pierre Le Jeune , Étienne Duchesne , Weixuan Xiao , Stefano Palminteri , Bazire Houssin , Benoît Malézieux , Matteo Dora

The rapid development of Multimodal Large Reasoning Models (MLRMs) has demonstrated broad application potential, yet their safety and reliability remain critical concerns that require systematic exploration. To address this gap, we conduct…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xinyue Lou , You Li , Jinan Xu , Xiangyu Shi , Chi Chen , Kaiyu Huang

Large language models (LLMs) have emerged as an integral part of modern societies, powering user-facing applications such as personal assistants and enterprise applications like recruitment tools. Despite their utility, research indicates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-10 Preetam Prabhu Srikar Dammu , Hayoung Jung , Anjali Singh , Monojit Choudhury , Tanushree Mitra

In the financial industry, credit scoring is a fundamental element, shaping access to credit and determining the terms of loans for individuals and businesses alike. Traditional credit scoring methods, however, often grapple with challenges…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Duanyu Feng , Yongfu Dai , Jimin Huang , Yifang Zhang , Qianqian Xie , Weiguang Han , Zhengyu Chen , Alejandro Lopez-Lira , Hao Wang

As the recent Large Language Models(LLM's) become increasingly competent in zero-shot and few-shot reasoning across various domains, educators are showing a growing interest in leveraging these LLM's in conversation-based tutoring systems.…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Minju Park , Sojung Kim , Seunghyun Lee , Soonwoo Kwon , Kyuseok Kim

Large language models (LLMs) often present answers with high apparent confidence despite lacking an explicit mechanism for reasoning about certainty or truth. While existing benchmarks primarily evaluate single-turn accuracy, truthfulness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Mohammadreza Saadat , Steve Nemzer

Self-assessment is a key aspect of reliable intelligence, yet evaluations of large language models (LLMs) focus mainly on task accuracy. We adapted the 10-item General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSES) to elicit simulated self-assessments from ten…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Daniel I Jackson , Emma L Jensen , Syed-Amad Hussain , Emre Sezgin

As the influence of large language models (LLMs) spans across global communities, their safety challenges in multilingual settings become paramount for alignment research. This paper examines the variations in safety challenges faced by…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-25 Lingfeng Shen , Weiting Tan , Sihao Chen , Yunmo Chen , Jingyu Zhang , Haoran Xu , Boyuan Zheng , Philipp Koehn , Daniel Khashabi

Due to perceptions of efficiency and significant productivity gains, various organisations, including in education, are adopting Large Language Models (LLMs) into their workflows. Educator-facing, learner-facing, and institution-facing…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Farzana Zahid , Anjalika Sewwandi , Lee Brandon , Vimal Kumar , Roopak Sinha

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently gained attention due to their ability to understand and generate sophisticated human-like content. However, ensuring their safety is paramount as they might provide harmful and unsafe responses.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Miriam Ugarte , Pablo Valle , José Antonio Parejo , Sergio Segura , Aitor Arrieta

While the widespread deployment of Large Language Models (LLMs) holds great potential for society, their vulnerabilities to adversarial manipulation and exploitation can pose serious safety, security, and ethical risks. As new threats…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-29 Charankumar Akiri , Harrison Simpson , Kshitiz Aryal , Aarav Khanna , Maanak Gupta

Large Language Models (LLMs), such as GPT-4, have demonstrated impressive mathematical reasoning capabilities, achieving near-perfect performance on benchmarks like GSM8K. However, their application in personalized education remains limited…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Yi-Fan Zhang , Hang Li , Dingjie Song , Lichao Sun , Tianlong Xu , Qingsong Wen

The rapid integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into software engineering practice is reshaping how software testing activities are performed. LLMs are increasingly used to support software testing. Consequently, software testing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-30 Peng Yang , Yunfeng Zhu , Chao Chang , Shengcheng Yu , Zhenyu Chen , Yong Tang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are transforming scholarly tasks like search and summarization, but their reliability remains uncertain. Current evaluation metrics for testing LLM reliability are primarily automated approaches that prioritize…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Anna Martin-Boyle , William Humphreys , Martha Brown , Cara Leckey , Harmanpreet Kaur

Large language models (LLMs) are possessed of numerous beneficial capabilities, yet their potential inclination harbors unpredictable risks that may materialize in the future. We hence propose CRiskEval, a Chinese dataset meticulously…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Ling Shi , Deyi Xiong

Large Language Models (LLMs) represent an advanced evolution of earlier, simpler language models. They boast enhanced abilities to handle complex language patterns and generate coherent text, images, audios, and videos. Furthermore, they…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-03-01 Jun Huang , Jiawei Zhang , Qi Wang , Weihong Han , Yanchun Zhang