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With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including content generation, human-computer interaction, machine translation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Songyang Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Jiameng Qiu , Xi Zhang , Feiran Huang , Litian Zhang , Yiming Hei , Philip S. Yu

Evaluating aligned large language models' (LLMs) ability to recognize and reject unsafe user requests is crucial for safe, policy-compliant deployments. Existing evaluation efforts, however, face three limitations that we address with…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are acquiring a wider range of capabilities, including understanding and responding in multiple languages. While they undergo safety training to prevent them from answering illegal questions, imbalances in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-18 Likai Tang , Niruth Bogahawatta , Yasod Ginige , Jiarui Xu , Shixuan Sun , Surangika Ranathunga , Suranga Seneviratne

With the growing prevalence of large language models (LLMs), the safety of LLMs has raised significant concerns. However, there is still a lack of definitive standards for evaluating their safety due to the subjective nature of current…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Chuxue Cao , Han Zhu , Jiaming Ji , Qichao Sun , Zhenghao Zhu , Yinyu Wu , Juntao Dai , Yaodong Yang , Sirui Han , Yike Guo

Many studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can produce harmful responses, exposing users to unexpected risks when LLMs are deployed. Previous studies have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of the risks posed by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yuxia Wang , Zenan Zhai , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Lizhi Lin , Zhenxuan Zhang , Jingru Zhao , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Effective personalized feedback is critical to students' literacy development. Though LLM-powered tools now promise to automate such feedback at scale, LLMs are not language-neutral: they privilege standard academic English and reproduce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-16 Mei Tan , Lena Phalen , Dorottya Demszky

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used for decision making in embodied agents, yet existing safety evaluations often rely on coarse success rates and domain-specific setups, making it difficult to diagnose why and where these…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yejin Son , Minseo Kim , Sungwoong Kim , Seungju Han , Jian Kim , Dongju Jang , Youngjae Yu , Chanyoung Park

Background Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in medical consultations, yet their safety under realistic user pressures remains understudied. Prior assessments focused on neutral conditions, overlooking vulnerabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Vahideh Zolfaghari

Alignment tuning has enabled large language models to excel in reasoning, instruction-following, and minimizing harmful generations. However, despite their widespread deployment, these models exhibit a monolingual bias, raising concerns…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Nikhil Verma , Manasa Bharadwaj

Recent advancements in model architectures and length extrapolation techniques have significantly extended the context length of large language models (LLMs), paving the way for their application in increasingly complex tasks. However,…

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into educational processes introduces significant constraints regarding data privacy and reliability, particularly in pedagogically vulnerable contexts such as Turkish heritage language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Edibe Yilmaz , Kahraman Kostas

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in child-facing contexts such as education, companionship, creative tools, but their deployment raises safety, privacy, developmental, and security risks. We conduct a systematic…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Junfeng Jiao , Saleh Afroogh , Kevin Chen , Abhejay Murali , David Atkinson , Amit Dhurandhar

With the rapid popularity of large language models such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, a growing amount of attention is paid to their safety concerns. These models may generate insulting and discriminatory content, reflect incorrect social values,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Jiawen Deng , Jiale Cheng , Minlie Huang

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated potential in cybersecurity applications but have also caused lower confidence due to problems like hallucinations and a lack of truthfulness. Existing benchmarks provide general evaluations but…

The safety of Large Language Models (LLMs) has gained increasing attention in recent years, but there still lacks a comprehensive approach for detecting safety issues within LLMs' responses in an aligned, customizable and explainable…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-06 Zhexin Zhang , Yida Lu , Jingyuan Ma , Di Zhang , Rui Li , Pei Ke , Hao Sun , Lei Sha , Zhifang Sui , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) are rapidly evolving, demonstrating impressive capabilities as multimodal assistants that interact with both humans and their environments. However, this increased sophistication introduces…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Kaiwen Zhou , Chengzhi Liu , Xuandong Zhao , Anderson Compalas , Dawn Song , Xin Eric Wang

Current LLM-based conversational recommender systems (CRS) primarily optimize recommendation accuracy and user satisfaction. We identify an underexplored vulnerability in which recommendation outputs may negatively impact users by violating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Haochang Hao , Yifan Xu , Xinzhuo Li , Yingqiang Ge , Lu Cheng

The past year has seen rapid acceleration in the development of large language models (LLMs). However, without proper steering and safeguards, LLMs will readily follow malicious instructions, provide unsafe advice, and generate toxic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-19 Bertie Vidgen , Nino Scherrer , Hannah Rose Kirk , Rebecca Qian , Anand Kannappan , Scott A. Hale , Paul Röttger

Early suicide risk detection in adolescents is critical yet hindered by scalability challenges of current assessments. This paper presents our approach to the first SpeechWellness Challenge (SW1), which aims to assess suicide risk in…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-05-28 Filomene Roquefort , Alexandre Ducorroy , Rachid Riad

Ensuring robust safety measures across a wide range of scenarios is crucial for user-facing systems. While Large Language Models (LLMs) can generate valuable data for safety measures, they often exhibit distributional biases, focusing on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Sabit Hassan , Anthony Sicilia , Malihe Alikhani