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Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from a range of vulnerabilities that allow malicious users to solicit undesirable responses through manipulation of the input text. These so-called jailbreak prompts are designed to trick the LLM into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-13 John Hawkins , Aditya Pramar , Rodney Beard , Rohitash Chandra

Instruction tuning enhances large vision-language models (LVLMs) but increases their vulnerability to backdoor attacks due to their open design. Unlike prior studies in static settings, this paper explores backdoor attacks in LVLM…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Siyuan Liang , Jiawei Liang , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Aishan Liu , Mingli Zhu , Xiaochun Cao , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have transformed numerous fields by enabling advanced natural language interactions but remain susceptible to critical vulnerabilities, particularly jailbreak attacks. Current jailbreak techniques, while…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yuxi Li , Zhibo Zhang , Kailong Wang , Ling Shi , Haoyu Wang

Fine-tuning-as-a-service, while commercially successful for Large Language Model (LLM) providers, exposes models to harmful fine-tuning attacks. As a widely explored defense paradigm against such attacks, unlearning attempts to remove…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Biao Yi , Tiansheng Huang , Baolei Zhang , Tong Li , Lihai Nie , Zheli Liu , Li Shen

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable when trained on datasets containing harmful content, which leads to potential jailbreaking attacks in two scenarios: the integration of harmful texts within crowdsourced data used for pre-training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Muchao Ye , Zhaohan Xi

Jailbreaking attacks can effectively induce unsafe behaviors in Large Language Models (LLMs); however, the transferability of these attacks across different models remains limited. This study aims to understand and enhance the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-05 Junxiao Yang , Zhexin Zhang , Shiyao Cui , Hongning Wang , Minlie Huang

Generative large language models are crucial in natural language processing, but they are vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where subtle triggers compromise their behavior. Although backdoor attacks against LLMs are constantly emerging,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Xuxu Liu , Siyuan Liang , Mengya Han , Yong Luo , Aishan Liu , Xiantao Cai , Zheng He , Dacheng Tao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable performance across diverse tasks. Nevertheless, they still pose notable safety risks due to potential misuse for malicious purposes. Jailbreaking, which seeks to induce models to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Hua Tang , Lingyong Yan , Yukun Zhao , Shuaiqiang Wang , Jizhou Huang , Dawei Yin

The safety alignment of large language models (LLMs) remains vulnerable, as their initial behavior can be easily jailbroken by even relatively simple attacks. Since infilling a fixed template between the input instruction and initial model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Chak Tou Leong , Qingyu Yin , Jian Wang , Wenjie Li

With the rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs), their robustness against adversarial manipulations, particularly jailbreak backdoor attacks, has become critically important. Existing approaches to embedding jailbreak…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Wence Ji , Jiancan Wu , Aiying Li , Shuyi Zhang , Junkang Wu , An Zhang , Xiang Wang , Xiangnan He

Large language models (LLMs) have seen significant advancements, achieving superior performance in various Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks, from understanding to reasoning. However, they remain vulnerable to backdoor attacks, where…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-28 Chen Chen , Yuchen Sun , Xueluan Gong , Jiaxin Gao , Kwok-Yan Lam

Jailbreak attack can be used to access the vulnerabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) by inducing LLMs to generate the harmful content. And the most common method of the attack is to construct semantically ambiguous prompts to confuse…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Rui Pu , Chaozhuo Li , Rui Ha , Zejian Chen , Litian Zhang , Zheng Liu , Lirong Qiu , Zaisheng Ye

Safety-aligned LLMs suffer from two failure modes: jailbreak (answering harmful inputs) and over-refusal (declining benign queries). Existing vector steering methods adjust the magnitude of answer vectors, but this creates a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Haonan Zhang , Dongxia Wang , Yi Liu , Kexin Chen , Wenhai Wang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly attracting attention in various applications. Nonetheless, there is a growing concern as some users attempt to exploit these models for malicious purposes, including the synthesis of controlled…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Chongwen Zhao , Zhihao Dou , Kaizhu Huang

Jailbreaking attacks on large language models pose a significant threat to AI safety by enabling the generation of harmful or restricted content. While prior work has explored both handcrafted and automated jailbreak strategies, the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Reinelle Jan Bugnot , Soohyeon Choi , Hoon Wei Lim , Yue Duan

Current safety alignment techniques for large language models (LLMs) face two key challenges: (1) under-generalization, which leaves models vulnerable to novel jailbreak attacks, and (2) over-alignment, which leads to the excessive refusal…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Yutao Mou , Yuxiao Luo , Shikun Zhang , Wei Ye

The safety alignment of Language Models (LMs) is a critical concern, yet their integrity can be challenged by direct parameter manipulation attacks, such as those potentially induced by fault injection. As LMs are increasingly deployed…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Noureldin Zahran , Ahmad Tahmasivand , Ihsen Alouani , Khaled Khasawneh , Mohammed E. Fouda

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in real-world systems. Given their broader applicability, prompt engineering has become an efficient tool for resource-scarce organizations to adopt LLMs for their own purposes. At the same…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Piyush Jaiswal , Aaditya Pratap , Shreyansh Saraswati , Harsh Kasyap , Somanath Tripathy

Recently, Large Language Models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention for their exceptional natural language processing capabilities. However, concerns about their trustworthiness remain unresolved, particularly in addressing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-29 Yue Huang , Jingyu Tang , Dongping Chen , Bingda Tang , Yao Wan , Lichao Sun , Philip S. Yu , Xiangliang Zhang

Despite extensive pre-training in moral alignment to prevent generating harmful information, large language models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. In this paper, we propose AutoDefense, a multi-agent defense framework that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-15 Yifan Zeng , Yiran Wu , Xiao Zhang , Huazheng Wang , Qingyun Wu