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Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents possess significant commercial and social value, and GUI agents powered by advanced multimodal large language models (MLLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential. Currently, existing GUI agents…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Weizhi Chen , Ziwei Wang , Leyang Yang , Sheng Zhou , Xiaoxuan Tang , Jiajun Bu , Yong Li , Wei Jiang

Reinforcement learning (RL) agent development traditionally requires substantial expertise and iterative effort, often leading to high failure rates and limited accessibility. This paper introduces Agent$^2$, an LLM-driven…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Yuan Wei , Xiaohan Shan , Ran Miao , Jianmin Li

Existing web agents typically initiate exploration from the root URL, which is inefficient for complex websites with deep hierarchical structures. Without a global view of the website's structure, agents frequently fall into navigation…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Weixi Tong , Yifeng Di , Tianyi Zhang

Recent GUI agents have made substantial progress in visual grounding and action prediction, yet they remain brittle in long-horizon tasks that require maintaining task state across many interface transitions. Existing agents typically rely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Ziyun Zeng , Hang Hua , Bocheng Zou , Mu Cai , Rogerio Feris , Jiebo Luo

Current Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents operate primarily under a reactive paradigm: a user must provide an explicit instruction for the agent to execute a task. However, an intelligent AI assistant should be proactive, which is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Yuxiang Chai , Shunye Tang , Han Xiao , Rui Liu , Hongsheng Li

Monte Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) algorithms perform simulation-based search to improve policies online. During search, the simulation policy is adapted to explore the most promising lines of play. MCTS has been used by state-of-the-art…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-04-09 Thomas Anthony , Robert Nishihara , Philipp Moritz , Tim Salimans , John Schulman

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents, powered by Large Foundation Models, have emerged as a transformative approach to automating human-computer interaction. These agents autonomously interact with digital systems or software applications…

Mobile graphical user interface (GUI) agents are designed to automate everyday tasks on smartphones. Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have significantly enhanced the capabilities of mobile GUI agents. However, most…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Mingxian Yu , Siqi Luo , Xu Chen

While Vision-Language Models (VLMs) hold promise for tasks requiring extensive collaboration, traditional multi-agent simulators have facilitated rich explorations of an interactive artificial society that reflects collective behavior.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Xianhao Yu , Jiaqi Fu , Renjia Deng , Wenjuan Han

Existing Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents operate through step-by-step calls to vision language models--taking a screenshot, reasoning about the next action, executing it, then repeating on the new page--resulting in high costs and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Hongbin Zhong , Fazle Faisal , Luis França , Tanakorn Leesatapornwongsa , Adriana Szekeres , Kexin Rong , Suman Nath

Recently, there has been a surge of vision-based GUI agents designed to automate everyday mobile and web tasks. These agents interpret raw GUI screenshots and autonomously decide where to click, scroll, or type, which bypasses handcrafted…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Yucheng Shi , Wenhao Yu , Zaitang Li , Yonglin Wang , Hongming Zhang , Ninghao Liu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

GUI agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) have demonstrated impressive capability in understanding and executing user instructions. However, accurately grounding instruction-relevant elements from high-resolution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yichao Liu , Huawen Shen , Liu Yu , Shiyu Liu , Zeyu Chen , Yu Zhou

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents have gained substantial attention due to their impressive capabilities to complete tasks through multiple interactions within GUI environments. However, existing agents primarily focus on enhancing the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-28 Qinzhuo Wu , Pengzhi Gao , Wei Liu , Jian Luan

LLM-driven GUI agents are increasingly used in production systems to automate workflows and simulate users for evaluation and optimization. Yet most GUI-agent evaluations emphasize task success and provide limited evidence on whether agents…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Maria Movin , Claudia Hauff , Aron Henriksson , Panagiotis Papapetrou

We present an UI agent for user interface (UI) interaction tasks, using Vision-Language Model Florence-2-Base. The agent's primary task is identifying the screen coordinates of the UI element corresponding to the user's command. It…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Pawel Pawlowski , Krystian Zawistowski , Wojciech Lapacz , Adam Wiacek , Marcin Skorupa , Sebastien Postansque , Jakub Hoscilowicz

Building Graphical User Interface (GUI) assistants holds significant promise for enhancing human workflow productivity. While most agents are language-based, relying on closed-source API with text-rich meta-information (e.g., HTML or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-27 Kevin Qinghong Lin , Linjie Li , Difei Gao , Zhengyuan Yang , Shiwei Wu , Zechen Bai , Weixian Lei , Lijuan Wang , Mike Zheng Shou

With the rapid development of Large Vision Language Models, the focus of Graphical User Interface (GUI) agent tasks shifts from single-screen tasks to complex screen navigation challenges. However, real-world GUI environments, such as PC…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-03 Haolong Yan , Yeqing Shen , Xin Huang , Jia Wang , Kaijun Tan , Zhixuan Liang , Hongxin Li , Zheng Ge , Osamu Yoshie , Si Li , Xiangyu Zhang , Daxin Jiang

Autonomous agents for Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) are revolutionizing human-computer interaction, yet their reliance on text-based instructions imposes limitations on accessibility and convenience, particularly in hands-free scenarios.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-27 Wenkang Han , Zhixiong Zeng , Jing Huang , Shu Jiang , Liming Zheng , Longrong Yang , Haibo Qiu , Chang Yao , Jingyuan Chen , Lin Ma

Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents powered by Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) promise human-like interaction with software applications, yet long-horizon tasks remain challenging due to memory limitations. Existing approaches…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zikang Liu , Junyi Li , Wayne Xin Zhao , Dawei Gao , Yaliang Li , Ji-rong Wen

Automation of existing Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) is important but hard to achieve. Upstream of making the GUI user-accessible or somehow scriptable, even the data-collection to understand the original interface poses significant…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Iason Chaimalas , Arnas Vyšniauskas , Gabriel Brostow