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Although representational retrieval models based on Transformers have been able to make major advances in the past few years, and despite the widely accepted conventions and best-practices for testing such models, a $\textit{standardized}$…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-16 Nima Sadri

Dimension reduction is the process of embedding high-dimensional data into a lower dimensional space to facilitate its analysis. In the Euclidean setting, one fundamental technique for dimension reduction is to apply a random linear map to…

Probability · Mathematics 2017-09-19 Samet Oymak , Joel A. Tropp

We consider text retrieval within dense representational space in real-world settings such as e-commerce search where (a) document popularity and (b) diversity of queries associated with a document have a skewed distribution. Most of the…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-12 Nan Jiang , Dhivya Eswaran , Choon Hui Teo , Yexiang Xue , Yesh Dattatreya , Sujay Sanghavi , Vishy Vishwanathan

Embedding-based vector search underpins many important applications, such as recommendation and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG). It relies on vector indices to enable efficient search. However, these indices require storing…

Scaling laws have profoundly shaped our understanding of model performance in computer vision and natural language processing, yet their application to general audio representation learning remains underexplored. A key challenge lies in the…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Xuyao Deng , Yanjie Sun , Yong Dou , Kele Xu

Dense retrieval calls for discriminative embeddings to represent the semantic relationship between query and document. It may benefit from the using of large language models (LLMs), given LLMs' strong capability on semantic understanding.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Zheng Liu , Chaofan Li , Shitao Xiao , Yingxia Shao , Defu Lian

Dense retrieval, which aims to encode the semantic information of arbitrary text into dense vector representations or embeddings, has emerged as an effective and efficient paradigm for text retrieval, consequently becoming an essential…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Zongmeng Zhang , Jinhua Zhu , Wengang Zhou , Xiang Qi , Peng Zhang , Houqiang Li

Recent advances in large language models have demonstrated remarkable effectiveness in information retrieval (IR) tasks. While many neural IR systems encode queries and documents into single-vector representations, multi-vector models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-12-12 Susav Shrestha , Narasimha Reddy , Zongwang Li

Many recent approaches of passage retrieval are using dense embeddings generated from deep neural models, called "dense passage retrieval". The state-of-the-art end-to-end dense passage retrieval systems normally deploy a deep neural model…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-10-11 Yifan Wang , Haodi Ma , Daisy Zhe Wang

Classifying large-scale image data into object categories is an important problem that has received increasing research attention. Given the huge amount of data, non-parametric approaches such as nearest neighbor classifiers have shown…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-04-28 Zhaowen Wang , Jianchao Yang , Zhe Lin , Jonathan Brandt , Shiyu Chang , Thomas Huang

Transformers excel at in-context retrieval but suffer from quadratic complexity with sequence length, while State Space Models (SSMs) offer efficient linear-time processing but have limited retrieval capabilities. We investigate whether…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Georgios Pantazopoulos , Malvina Nikandrou , Ioannis Konstas , Alessandro Suglia

We study empirical scaling laws for language model performance on the cross-entropy loss. The loss scales as a power-law with model size, dataset size, and the amount of compute used for training, with some trends spanning more than seven…

Recently, retrieval systems based on dense representations have led to important improvements in open-domain question answering, and related tasks. While very effective, this approach is also memory intensive, as the dense vectors for the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-01-01 Gautier Izacard , Fabio Petroni , Lucas Hosseini , Nicola De Cao , Sebastian Riedel , Edouard Grave

Chunking is a crucial preprocessing step in retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) systems, significantly impacting retrieval effectiveness across diverse datasets. In this study, we systematically evaluate fixed-size chunking strategies and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Sinchana Ramakanth Bhat , Max Rudat , Jannis Spiekermann , Nicolas Flores-Herr

As a fundamental task in natural language processing, word embedding converts each word into a representation in a vector space. A challenge with word embedding is that as the vocabulary grows, the vector space's dimension increases, which…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jintang Xue , Yun-Cheng Wang , Chengwei Wei , C. -C. Jay Kuo

Why do even the most powerful 7B-parameter embedding models struggle with simple retrieval tasks that the decades old BM25 handles with ease? Recent theory suggests that this happens because of a dimensionality bottleneck. This occurs when…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-01-22 Sangeet Sharma

Large models and enormous data are essential driving forces of the unprecedented successes achieved by modern algorithms, especially in scientific computing and machine learning. Nevertheless, the growing dimensionality and model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Yijun Dong

Dense retrieval has shown promise in the first-stage retrieval process when trained on in-domain labeled datasets. However, previous studies have found that dense retrieval is hard to generalize to unseen domains due to its weak modeling of…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Shicheng Xu , Liang Pang , Huawei Shen , Xueqi Cheng

Tensor decomposition of high-dimensional data often struggles to capture semantically or physically meaningful structures, particularly when relying on reconstruction objectives and fixed-rank constraints. We introduce a no-rank tensor…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Maryam Bagherian

Feature embeddings are one of the most essential steps when training deep learning based Click-Through Rate prediction models, which map high-dimensional sparse features to dense embedding vectors. Classic human-crafted embedding size…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2022-08-18 Tesi Xiao , Xia Xiao , Ming Chen , Youlong Chen