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We present \textbf{FlowRL}, a novel framework for online reinforcement learning that integrates flow-based policy representation with Wasserstein-2-regularized optimization. We argue that in addition to training signals, enhancing the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Lei Lv , Yunfei Li , Yu Luo , Fuchun Sun , Tao Kong , Jiafeng Xu , Xiao Ma

Offline reinforcement learning (offline RL) offers a promising framework for developing control strategies in chemical process systems using historical data, without the risks or costs of online experimentation. This work investigates the…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-31 Alex Durkin , Jasper Stolte , Matthew Jones , Raghuraman Pitchumani , Bei Li , Christian Michler , Mehmet Mercangöz

The recent success of supervised learning methods on ever larger offline datasets has spurred interest in the reinforcement learning (RL) field to investigate whether the same paradigms can be translated to RL algorithms. This research…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-02-12 Mengjiao Yang , Ofir Nachum

Policy-based Reinforcement Learning (RL) has established itself as the dominant paradigm in generative recommendation for optimizing sequential user interactions. However, when applied to offline historical logs, these methods suffer a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jie Jiang , Yusen Huo , Xiangxin Zhan , Changping Wang , Jun Zhang

In reinforcement learning (RL), there are two major settings for interacting with the environment: online and offline. Online methods explore the environment at significant time cost, and offline methods efficiently obtain reward signals by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-19 Changyu Chen , Xiting Wang , Yiqiao Jin , Victor Ye Dong , Li Dong , Jie Cao , Yi Liu , Rui Yan

In safety-critical domains where online data collection is infeasible, offline reinforcement learning (RL) offers an attractive alternative but only if policies deliver high returns without incurring catastrophic lower-tail risk. Prior work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Kai Fukazawa , Kunal Mundada , Iman Soltani

Offline imitation learning (IL) promises the ability to learn performant policies from pre-collected demonstrations without interactions with the environment. However, imitating behaviors fully offline typically requires numerous expert…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-07 Lantao Yu , Tianhe Yu , Jiaming Song , Willie Neiswanger , Stefano Ermon

Conventional reinforcement learning (RL) needs an environment to collect fresh data, which is impractical when online interactions are costly. Offline RL provides an alternative solution by directly learning from the previously collected…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-03-15 Han Zheng , Xufang Luo , Pengfei Wei , Xuan Song , Dongsheng Li , Jing Jiang

In reinforcement learning (RL) research, it is common to assume access to direct online interactions with the environment. However in many real-world applications, access to the environment is limited to a fixed offline dataset of logged…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-11-27 Yifan Wu , George Tucker , Ofir Nachum

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) aims to learn a policy using only pre-collected and fixed data. Although avoiding the time-consuming online interactions in RL, it poses challenges for out-of-distribution (OOD) state actions and often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-23 Jinxin Liu , Ziqi Zhang , Zhenyu Wei , Zifeng Zhuang , Yachen Kang , Sibo Gai , Donglin Wang

Offline reinforcement learning seeks to utilize offline (observational) data to guide the learning of (causal) sequential decision making strategies. The hope is that offline reinforcement learning coupled with function approximation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-10-23 Ruosong Wang , Dean P. Foster , Sham M. Kakade

Reinforcement learning (RL) has been extensively employed in a wide range of decision-making problems, such as games and robotics. Recently, diffusion policies have shown strong potential in modeling multi-modal behaviors, enabling more…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Ben Liu , Shunpeng Yang , Hua Chen

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is crucial when online exploration is costly or unsafe but often struggles with high epistemic uncertainty due to limited data. Existing methods rely on fixed conservative policies, restricting adaptivity…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-09 Jihwan Jeong , Xiaoyu Wang , Jingmin Wang , Scott Sanner , Pascal Poupart

Offline-to-online reinforcement learning harnesses the stability of offline pretraining and the flexibility of online fine-tuning. A key challenge lies in the non-stationary distribution shift between offline datasets and the evolving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Letian Yang , Xu Liu , Yiqiang Lu , Jian Liu , Weiqiang Wang , Shuai Li

Robots will experience non-stationary environment dynamics throughout their lifetime: the robot dynamics can change due to wear and tear, or its surroundings may change over time. Eventually, the robots should perform well in all of the…

Recently, robust reinforcement learning (RL) methods against input observation have garnered significant attention and undergone rapid evolution due to RL's potential vulnerability. Although these advanced methods have achieved reasonable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-04 Kosuke Nakanishi , Akihiro Kubo , Yuji Yasui , Shin Ishii

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is notoriously data-inefficient, which makes training on a real robot difficult. While model-based RL algorithms (world models) improve data-efficiency to some extent, they still require hours or days of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-25 Yunhai Feng , Nicklas Hansen , Ziyan Xiong , Chandramouli Rajagopalan , Xiaolong Wang

The objective of offline RL is to learn optimal policies when a fixed exploratory demonstrations data-set is available and sampling additional observations is impossible (typically if this operation is either costly or rises ethical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-10 Firas Jarboui , Vianney Perchet

Offline reinforcement learning enables learning from a fixed dataset, without further interactions with the environment. The lack of environmental interactions makes the policy training vulnerable to state-action pairs far from the training…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-10-11 Shentao Yang , Zhendong Wang , Huangjie Zheng , Yihao Feng , Mingyuan Zhou

The main challenge of offline reinforcement learning, where data is limited, arises from a sequence of counterfactual reasoning dilemmas within the realm of potential actions: What if we were to choose a different course of action? These…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Yao Liu , Pratik Chaudhari , Rasool Fakoor