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When making causal inferences, post-treatment confounders complicate analyses of time-varying treatment effects. Conditioning on these variables naively to estimate marginal effects may inappropriately block causal pathways and may induce…

Applications · Statistics 2019-04-02 Xiang Zhou , Geoffrey T. Wodtke

Covariate balancing is a popular technique for controlling confounding in observational studies. It finds weights for the treatment group which are close to uniform, but make the group's covariate means (approximately) equal to those of the…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-03-07 Shiva Kaul , Min-Gyu Kim

A key challenge in estimating causal effects from observational data is handling confounding and is commonly achieved through weighting methods that balance distribution of covariates between treatment and control groups. Weighting…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-23 Simion De , Jared D. Huling

This paper considers the problem of inference in cluster randomized experiments when cluster sizes are non-ignorable. Here, by a cluster randomized experiment, we mean one in which treatment is assigned at the cluster level. By…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-04-11 Federico Bugni , Ivan Canay , Azeem Shaikh , Max Tabord-Meehan

In experimental design and causal inference, it may happen that the treatment is not defined on individual experimental units, but rather on pairs or, more generally, on groups of units. For example, teachers may choose pairs of students…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2018-01-24 Panos Toulis , Alexander Volfovsky , Edoardo M. Airoldi

Stepped-wedge cluster randomised trials (SW-CRTs) increasingly evaluate complex interventions, yet methodological guidance for analysing composite endpoints using generalized pairwise comparisons (GPC)remains limited. This work investigates…

In this paper, we present an information-theoretic method for clustering mixed-type data, that is, data consisting of both continuous and categorical variables. The proposed approach extends the Information Bottleneck principle to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-02 Efthymios Costa , Ioanna Papatsouma , Angelos Markos

The propensity score is a common tool for estimating the causal effect of a binary treatment in observational data. In this setting, matching, subclassification, imputation, or inverse probability weighting on the propensity score can…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-03 Michael J Lopez , Roee Gutman

In an age of increasingly large data sets, investigators in many different disciplines have turned to clustering as a tool for data analysis and exploration. Existing clustering methods, however, typically depend on several nontrivial…

Quantitative Methods · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-11 Noam Slonim , Gurinder Singh Atwal , Gasper Tkacik , William Bialek

Studying causal effects of continuous treatments is important for gaining a deeper understanding of many interventions, policies, or medications, yet researchers are often left with observational studies for doing so. In the observational…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-06-16 Jared D. Huling , Noah Greifer , Guanhua Chen

Complementary-label learning (CLL) is widely used in weakly supervised classification, but it faces a significant challenge in real-world datasets when confronted with class-imbalanced training samples. In such scenarios, the number of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-21 Meng Wei , Yong Zhou , Zhongnian Li , Xinzheng Xu

Inverse propensity-score weighted (IPW) estimators are prevalent in causal inference for estimating average treatment effects in observational studies. Under unconfoundedness, given accurate propensity scores and $n$ samples, the size of…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-03 Alkis Kalavasis , Anay Mehrotra , Manolis Zampetakis

We study supervised learning problems using clustering constraints to impose structure on either features or samples, seeking to help both prediction and interpretation. The problem of clustering features arises naturally in text…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-09-20 Vincent Roulet , Fajwel Fogel , Alexandre d'Aspremont , Francis Bach

The article contains a preliminary glance at balanced clustering problems. Basic balanced structures and combinatorial balanced problems are briefly described. A special attention is targeted to various balance/unbalance indices (including…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2017-06-13 Mark Sh. Levin

Background: It has long been advised to account for baseline covariates in the analysis of confirmatory randomised trials, with the main statistical justifications being that this increases power and, when a randomisation scheme balanced…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-12-09 Tim P. Morris , A. Sarah Walker , Elizabeth J. Williamson , Ian R. White

In several branches of the social sciences and humanities, surveys based on standardized questionnaires are a prominent research tool. While there are a variety of ways to analyze the data, some standard procedures have become established.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-28 Max Hahn-Klimroth , Paul W. Dierkes , Matthias W. Kleespies

Clustering explores meaningful patterns in the non-labeled data sets. Cluster Ensemble Selection (CES) is a new approach, which can combine individual clustering results for increasing the performance of the final results. Although CES can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2016-04-26 Muhammad Yousefnezhad , Daoqiang Zhang

Clustering is part of unsupervised analysis methods that consist in grouping samples into homogeneous and separate subgroups of observations also called clusters. To interpret the clusters, statistical hypothesis testing is often used to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-10-25 Benjamin Hivert , Denis Agniel , Rodolphe Thiébaut , Boris P Hejblum

Clustering is the task of gathering similar data samples into clusters without using any predefined labels. It has been widely studied in machine learning literature, and recent advancements in deep learning have revived interest in this…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-04 Mohammadreza Sadeghi , Hadi Hojjati , Narges Armanfard

This paper studies inference in cluster randomized trials where treatment status is determined according to a "matched pairs" design. Here, by a cluster randomized experiment, we mean one in which treatment is assigned at the level of the…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-08-14 Yuehao Bai , Jizhou Liu , Azeem M. Shaikh , Max Tabord-Meehan