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Web API specifications are machine-readable descriptions of APIs. These specifications, in combination with related tooling, simplify and support the consumption of APIs. However, despite the increased distribution of web APIs,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2018-01-29 Jinqiu Yang , Erik Wittern , Annie T. T. Ying , Julian Dolby , Lin Tan

Automated documentation of programming source code is a challenging task with significant practical and scientific implications for the developer community. We present a large language model (LLM)-based application that developers can use…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-17 Sayak Chakrabarty , Souradip Pal

Validation is a central activity when developing formal specifications. Similarly to coding, a possible validation technique is to define upfront test cases or scenarios that a future specification should satisfy or not. Unfortunately,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Alcino Cunha , Nuno Macedo

Large language models (LLMs) excel at generating code from natural language (NL) descriptions. However, the plain textual descriptions are inherently ambiguous and often fail to capture complex requirements like intricate system behaviors,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-06 Wenxin Mao , Zhitao Wang , Long Wang , Sirong Chen , Cuiyun Gao , Luyang Cao , Ziming Liu , Qiming Zhang , Jun Zhou , Zhi Jin

In many industrial settings, users wish to ask questions in natural language, the answers to which require assembling information from diverse structured data sources. With the advent of Large Language Models (LLMs), applications can now…

Large language models (LLMs) have recently demonstrated a remarkable ability to generate code from natural language (NL) prompts. However, in the real world, NL is often too ambiguous to capture the true intent behind programming problems,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Yeming Wen , Pengcheng Yin , Kensen Shi , Henryk Michalewski , Swarat Chaudhuri , Alex Polozov

As more and more monitoring systems have been deployed to smart cities, there comes a higher demand for converting new human-specified requirements to machine-understandable formal specifications automatically. However, these human-specific…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-06-16 Zirong Chen , Isaac Li , Haoxiang Zhang , Sarah Preum , John Stankovic , Meiyi Ma

In the past few years LLMs have emerged as a tool that can aid programmers by taking natural language descriptions and generating code based on it. However, the reliability of LLM code generation and current validation techniques for it are…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Aaron Councilman , David Jiahao Fu , Aryan Gupta , Chengxiao Wang , David Grove , Yu-Xiong Wang , Vikram Adve

Recent verification tools aim to make formal verification more accessible to software engineers by automating most of the verification process. However, annotating conventional programs with the formal specification and verification…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-21 João Pascoal Faria , Emanuel Trigo , Vinicius Honorato , Rui Abreu

Language models (LMs) are often expected to generate strings in some formal language; for example, structured data, API calls, or code snippets. Although LMs can be tuned to improve their adherence to formal syntax, this does not guarantee…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Terry Koo , Frederick Liu , Luheng He

Improper parsing of attacker-controlled input is a leading source of software security vulnerabilities, especially when programmers transcribe informal format descriptions in RFCs into efficient parsing logic in low-level, memory unsafe…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-05-08 Sarah Fakhoury , Markus Kuppe , Shuvendu K. Lahiri , Tahina Ramananandro , Nikhil Swamy

Autoformalization, the task of automatically translating natural language descriptions into a formal language, poses a significant challenge across various domains, especially in mathematics. Recent advancements in large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-09 Zenan Li , Yifan Wu , Zhaoyu Li , Xinming Wei , Xian Zhang , Fan Yang , Xiaoxing Ma

As Large Language Models (LLMs) advance in natural language processing, there is growing interest in leveraging their capabilities to simplify software interactions. In this paper, we propose a novel system that integrates LLMs for both…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-19 Chunliang Tao , Xiaojing Fan , Yahe Yang

Software documentation is essential for program comprehension, developer onboarding, code review, and long-term maintenance. Yet producing quality documentation manually is time-consuming and frequently yields incomplete or inconsistent…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Afia Farjana , Zaiyu Cheng , Antonio Mastropaolo

Neural network verification tools currently support only a narrow class of specifications, typically expressed as low-level constraints over raw inputs and outputs. This limitation significantly hinders their adoption and practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yizhak Y. Elboher , Reuven Peleg , Zhouxing Shi , Guy Katz , Jan Křetínský

AI coding agents are increasingly used to write real-world software, but ensuring that their outputs are correct remains a fundamental challenge. Formal verification offers a promising path: an agent generates code together with a…

Text documents, including programs, typically have human-readable semantic structure. Historically, programmatic access to these semantics has required explicit in-document tagging. Especially in systems where the text has an execution…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Edward Misback , Zachary Tatlock , Steven L. Tanimoto

The field of artificial intelligence has witnessed significant advancements in natural language processing, largely attributed to the capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). These models form the backbone of Agents designed to address…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-16 Jiaxin Guo , Yuanchang Luo , Daimeng Wei , Ling Zhang , Zongyao Li , Hengchao Shang , Zhiqiang Rao , Shaojun Li , Jinlong Yang , Zhanglin Wu , Hao Yang

Early-stage specifications of safety-critical systems are typically expressed in natural language, making it difficult to derive formal properties suitable for verification and needed to guarantee safety. While recent Large Language Model…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Alberto Tagliaferro , Bruno Guindani , Livia Lestingi , Matteo Rossi

In the development and verification of safety-critical aero-space software, Linear Temporal Logic (LTL) has been widely used to specify complex system properties derived from requirements. However, a significant gap remains in industrial…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Zhi Ma , Xiao Liang , Cheng Wen , Rui Chen , Bin Gu , Shengchao Qin , Cong Tian , Mengfei Yang