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This pilot study explores the localisation capabilities of state-of-the-art multilingual AI models when translating figurative language, such as idioms and puns, from English into a diverse range of global languages. It expands on existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-08 Madison Van Doren , Cory Holland

We introduce MENAValues, a novel benchmark designed to evaluate the cultural alignment and multilingual biases of large language models (LLMs) with respect to the beliefs and values of the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Pardis Sadat Zahraei , Ehsaneddin Asgari

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have opened the door to culture-aware language tasks. We introduce the novel problem of adapting wine reviews across Chinese and English, which goes beyond literal translation by incorporating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Chenye Zou , Xingyue Wen , Tianyi Hu , Qian Janice Wang , Daniel Hershcovich

Translating culture-related content is vital for effective cross-cultural communication. However, many culture-specific items (CSIs) often lack viable translations across languages, making it challenging to collect high-quality, diverse…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Binwei Yao , Ming Jiang , Tara Bobinac , Diyi Yang , Junjie Hu

Large language models (LLMs) are now deployed worldwide, inspiring a surge of benchmarks that measure their multilingual and multicultural abilities. However, these benchmarks prioritize generic language understanding or superficial…

Culture-expressions, such as idioms, slang, and culture-specific items (CSIs), are pervasive in natural language and encode meanings that go beyond literal linguistic form. Accurately translating such expressions remains challenging for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Bangju Han , Yingqi Wang , Huang Qing , Tiyuan Li , Fengyi Yang , Ahtamjan Ahmat , Abibulla Atawulla , Yating Yang , Xi Zhou

The rapid proliferation of LLMs has created a critical evaluation paradox: while LLMs claim multilingual proficiency, comprehensive non-machine-translated benchmarks exist for fewer than 30 languages, leaving >98% of the world's 7,000…

Machine Translation of Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) poses significant challenges. Recent work on CSI translation has shown some success using Large Language Models (LLMs) to adapt to different languages and cultures; however, a deeper…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Zhonghe Zhang , Xiaoyu He , Vivek Iyer , Alexandra Birch

Texts written in different languages reflect different culturally-dependent beliefs of their writers. Thus, we expect multilingual LMs (MLMs), that are jointly trained on a concatenation of text in multiple languages, to encode different…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-05-22 Rochelle Choenni , Anne Lauscher , Ekaterina Shutova

Cross-cultural competence in large language models (LLMs) requires the ability to identify Culture-Specific Items (CSIs) and to adapt them appropriately across cultural contexts. Progress in evaluating this capability has been constrained…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Mohsinul Kabir , Tasnim Ahmed , Md Mezbaur Rahman , Shaoxiong Ji , Hassan Alhuzali , Sophia Ananiadou

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in culturally diverse environments, yet existing evaluations of cultural competence remain limited. Existing methods focus on de-contextualized correctness or forced-choice judgments,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Truong Vo , Sanmi Koyejo

Achieving consistent high-quality machine translation (MT) across diverse domains remains a significant challenge, primarily due to the limited and imbalanced parallel training data available in various domains. While large language models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Tianxiang Hu , Pei Zhang , Baosong Yang , Jun Xie , Derek F. Wong , Rui Wang

Although recent Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown rapid improvement on reasoning benchmarks in English, the evaluation of such LLMs' multilingual reasoning capability across diverse languages and cultural contexts remains limited.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Alexander R. Fabbri , Diego Mares , Jorge Flores , Meher Mankikar , Ernesto Hernandez , Dean Lee , Bing Liu , Chen Xing

Large language models (LLMs) have achieved strong performance in general machine translation, yet their ability in culture-aware scenarios remains poorly understood. To bridge this gap, we introduce CanMT, a Culture-Aware Novel-Driven…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Zekun Yuan , Yangfan Ye , Xiaocheng Feng , Baohang Li , Qichen Hong , Yunfei Lu , Dandan Tu , Bing Qin

The integration of large language models (LLMs) into global applications necessitates effective cultural alignment for meaningful and culturally-sensitive interactions. Current LLMs often lack the nuanced understanding required for diverse…

Large language models (LLMs) have substantially advanced machine translation (MT), yet their effectiveness in translating web novels remains unclear. Existing benchmarks rely on surface-level metrics that fail to capture the distinctive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Enze Zhang , Jiaying Wang , Mengxi Xiao , Jifei Liu , Ziyan Kuang , Rui Dong , Eric Dong , Sophia Ananiadou , Min Peng , Qianqian Xie

The breakthrough of generative large language models (LLMs) that can solve different tasks through chat interaction has led to a significant increase in the use of general benchmarks to assess the quality or performance of these models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-03 Fabio Barth , Georg Rehm

Large Language Models (LLMs) have significantly advanced Machine Translation (MT), applying them to linguistically complex domains-such as Social Network Services, literature etc. In these scenarios, translations often require handling…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Yanzhi Tian , Cunxiang Wang , Zeming Liu , Heyan Huang , Wenbo Yu , Dawei Song , Jie Tang , Yuhang Guo

While multilingual language models (MLMs) have been trained on 100+ languages, they are typically only evaluated across a handful of them due to a lack of available test data in most languages. This is particularly problematic when…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Rochelle Choenni , Sara Rajaee , Christof Monz , Ekaterina Shutova
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