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In this paper, we study difference-in-differences identification and estimation strategies when the parallel trends assumption holds after conditioning on covariates. We consider empirically relevant settings where the covariates can be…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-09-11 Carolina Caetano , Brantly Callaway

We study a new model where the potential outcomes, corresponding to the values of a (possibly continuous) treatment, are linked through common factors. The factors can be estimated using a panel of regressors. We propose a procedure to…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-01-09 Jad Beyhum

This paper considers fixed effects estimation and inference in linear and nonlinear panel data models with random coefficients and endogenous regressors. The quantities of interest -- means, variances, and other moments of the random…

Methodology · Statistics 2018-01-16 Ivan Fernandez-Val , Joonhwah Lee

The past 20 years have brought fundamental advances in modeling unobserved heterogeneity in panel data. Interactive Fixed Effects (IFE) proved to be a foundational framework, generalizing the standard one-way and two-way fixed effects…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-10-15 Jan Ditzen , Yiannis Karavias

In nonlinear panel data models, fixed effects methods are often criticized because they cannot identify average marginal effects (AMEs) in short panels. The common argument is that identifying AMEs requires knowledge of the distribution of…

Econometrics · Economics 2024-07-08 Victor Aguirregabiria , Jesus M. Carro

This paper introduces a new fixed effects estimator for linear panel data models with clustered time patterns of unobserved heterogeneity. The method avoids non-convex and combinatorial optimization by combining a preliminary consistent…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-04-21 Martin Mugnier

This paper estimates the causal effect of EU cohesion policy on regional output and investment, focusing on the Cohesion Fund (CF), a comparatively understudied instrument. Departing from standard approaches such as regression discontinuity…

General Economics · Economics 2026-01-13 Angelos Alexopoulos , Ilias Kostarakos , Christos Mylonakis , Petros Varthalitis

A central goal in social science is to evaluate the causal effect of a policy. One dominant approach is through panel data analysis in which the behaviors of multiple units are observed over time. The information across time and space…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-10-11 Dennis Shen , Peng Ding , Jasjeet Sekhon , Bin Yu

Many economic models feature moment conditions that involve latent variables. When the latent variables are individual fixed effects in an auxiliary panel data regression, we construct orthogonal moments that eliminate first-order bias…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-10 Jiaqi Huang

This paper studies estimation of panel cointegration models with cross-sectional dependence generated by unobserved global stochastic trends. The standard least squares estimator is, in general, inconsistent owing to the spuriousness…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2008-05-14 Jushan Bai , Chihwa Kao , Serena Ng

The commonly used two-way fixed effects estimator is biased under correlated heterogeneity and can lead to misleading inference. The mean group estimator proposed by Pesaran and Smith (1995) is robust to correlated heterogeneity but…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-04-01 M. Hashem Pesaran , Liying Yang

The relationship between democracy and economic growth is of long-standing interest. We revisit the panel data analysis of this relationship by Acemoglu, Naidu, Restrepo and Robinson (forthcoming) using state of the art econometric methods.…

Econometrics · Economics 2019-01-15 Shuowen Chen , Victor Chernozhukov , Iván Fernández-Val

We develop a general estimation and inference procedure for the common parameters in linear panel data regression models with nonparametric two-way specification of unobserved heterogeneity. The procedure takes as input any first-step…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-05-08 Hugo Freeman , Dennis Kristensen

We introduce MCCE: Monte Carlo sampling of valid and realistic Counterfactual Explanations for tabular data, a novel counterfactual explanation method that generates on-manifold, actionable and valid counterfactuals by modeling the joint…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-01-26 Annabelle Redelmeier , Martin Jullum , Kjersti Aas , Anders Løland

Accurately estimating treatment effects over time is crucial in fields such as precision medicine, epidemiology, economics, and marketing. Many current methods for estimating treatment effects over time assume that all confounders are…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-11-11 Mouad El Bouchattaoui , Myriam Tami , Benoit Lepetit , Paul-Henry Cournède

Background: Policy evaluation studies that assess how state-level policies affect health-related outcomes are foundational to health and social policy research. The relative ability of newer analytic methods to address confounding, a key…

In discrete choice panel data, estimation of average effects is crucial for quantifying the effect of covariates, and for policy evaluation and counterfactual analysis. However, in short panels with individual-specific effects, challenges…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-01-27 Cavit Pakel , Martin Weidner

We address a core problem in causal inference: estimating heterogeneous treatment effects using panel data with general treatment patterns. Many existing methods either do not utilize the potential underlying structure in panel data or have…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-11 Retsef Levi , Elisabeth Paulson , Georgia Perakis , Emily Zhang

Linear regressions with period and group fixed effects are widely used to estimate policies' effects: 26 of the 100 most cited papers published by the American Economic Review from 2015 to 2019 estimate such regressions. It has recently…

Econometrics · Economics 2022-06-22 Clément de Chaisemartin , Xavier D'Haultfœuille

This study considers various semiparametric difference-in-differences models under different assumptions on the relation between the treatment group identifier, time and covariates for cross-sectional and panel data. The variance lower…

Econometrics · Economics 2020-08-17 Michael Zimmert