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The real estate market is vital to global economies but suffers from significant information asymmetry. This study examines how Large Language Models (LLMs) can democratize access to real estate insights by generating competitive and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-01 Margot Geerts , Manon Reusens , Bart Baesens , Seppe vanden Broucke , Jochen De Weerdt

Multiple Choice Question (MCQ) tests are among the most used methods for evaluating large language models (LLMs). Besides checking the correctness of the selected answer, evaluations often consider the model's confidence through the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Tairan Fu , Javier Conde , Gonzalo Martínez , María Grandury , Pedro Reviriego

Questionnaire-based surveys are foundational to social science research and public policymaking, yet traditional survey methods remain costly, time-consuming, and often limited in scale. Although prior work has explored large language…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Jianpeng Zhao , Chenyu Yuan , Weiming Luo , Haoling Xie , Guangwei Zhang , Steven Jige Quan , Zixuan Yuan , Pengyang Wang , Denghui Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are widely deployed in reasoning, planning, and decision-making tasks, making their trustworthiness critical. A significant and underexplored risk is intentional deception, where an LLM deliberately fabricates…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Zhaomin Wu , Mingzhe Du , See-Kiong Ng , Bingsheng He

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly used as proxies for human judgment in computational social science, yet their ability to reproduce patterns of susceptibility to misinformation remains unclear. We test whether LLM-simulated…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Eun Cheol Choi , Lindsay E. Young , Emilio Ferrara

Small language models (SLMs), despite their widespread adoption in modern smart devices, have received significantly less academic attention compared to their large language model (LLM) counterparts, which are predominantly deployed in data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Zhenyan Lu , Xiang Li , Dongqi Cai , Rongjie Yi , Fangming Liu , Xiwen Zhang , Nicholas D. Lane , Mengwei Xu

As humans, we consistently interact with our peers and receive feedback in the form of natural language. This language feedback allows us to maintain appropriate behavior, and rectify potential errors. The question arises naturally: can we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Weiwen Xu , Deng Cai , Zhisong Zhang , Wai Lam , Shuming Shi

Large Language Models (LLMs), though shown to be effective in many applications, can vary significantly in their response quality. In this paper, we investigate this problem of prompt fairness: specifically, the phrasing of a prompt by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Meiyu Zhong , Noel Teku , Ravi Tandon

One of the most widely used tasks for evaluating Large Language Models (LLMs) is Multiple-Choice Question Answering (MCQA). While open-ended question answering tasks are more challenging to evaluate, MCQA tasks are, in principle, easier to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Francesco Maria Molfese , Luca Moroni , Luca Gioffré , Alessandro Scirè , Simone Conia , Roberto Navigli

Traditional methods for eliciting people's opinions face a trade-off between depth and scale: structured surveys enable large-scale data collection but limit respondents' ability to voice their opinions in their own words, while…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-03-13 Alexander Wuttke , Matthias Aßenmacher , Christopher Klamm , Max M. Lang , Quirin Würschinger , Frauke Kreuter

Psychological constructs within individuals are widely believed to be interconnected. We investigated whether and how Large Language Models (LLMs) can model the correlational structure of human psychological traits from minimal quantitative…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yi-Fei Liu , Yi-Long Lu , Di He , Hang Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used to automate relevance judgments for information retrieval (IR) tasks, often demonstrating agreement with human labels that approaches inter-human agreement. To assess the robustness and…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Negar Arabzadeh , Charles L. A . Clarke

The growing deployment of large language models (LLMs) has amplified concerns regarding their inherent biases, raising critical questions about their fairness, safety, and societal impact. However, quantifying LLM bias remains a fundamental…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-26 Alireza Arbabi , Florian Kerschbaum

The emergent capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs) have made it crucial to align their values with those of humans. However, current methodologies typically attempt to assign value as an attribute to LLMs, yet lack attention to the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-12 Zhaowei Zhang , Ceyao Zhang , Nian Liu , Siyuan Qi , Ziqi Rong , Song-Chun Zhu , Shuguang Cui , Yaodong Yang

Knowing how test takers answer items in educational assessments is essential for test development, to evaluate item quality, and to improve test validity. However, this process usually requires extensive pilot studies with human…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Andreas Säuberli , Diego Frassinelli , Barbara Plank

Despite the strong reasoning ability of large language models~(LLMs), they are prone to errors and hallucinations. As a result, how to check their outputs effectively and efficiently has become a critical problem in their applications.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiayu Liu , Wei Dai , Zhenya Huang , Ning Miao , Enhong Chen

The impressive linguistic abilities of large language models (LLMs) have recommended them as models of human sentence processing, with some conjecturing a positive 'quality-power' relationship (Wilcox et al., 2023), in which language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yi-Chien Lin , Hongao Zhu , William Schuler

Survey research has a long-standing history of being a human-powered field, but one that embraces various technologies for the collection, processing, and analysis of various behavioral, political, and social outcomes of interest, among…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Trent D. Buskirk , Florian Keusch , Leah von der Heyde , Adam Eck

Prompting is now a dominant method for evaluating the linguistic knowledge of large language models (LLMs). While other methods directly read out models' probability distributions over strings, prompting requires models to access this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-24 Jennifer Hu , Roger Levy

Large Language Models (LLMs) are often misleadingly recognized as having a personality or a set of values. We argue that an LLM can be seen as a superposition of perspectives with different values and personality traits. LLMs exhibit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Grgur Kovač , Masataka Sawayama , Rémy Portelas , Cédric Colas , Peter Ford Dominey , Pierre-Yves Oudeyer