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Diffusion models have achieved great success in modeling continuous data modalities such as images, audio, and video, but have seen limited use in discrete domains such as language. Recent attempts to adapt diffusion to language have…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-08 Justin Lovelace , Varsha Kishore , Chao Wan , Eliot Shekhtman , Kilian Q. Weinberger

Reasoning models improve their problem-solving ability through inference-time scaling, allocating more compute via longer token budgets. Identifying which reasoning traces are likely to succeed remains a key opportunity: reliably predicting…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Martina G. Vilas , Safoora Yousefi , Besmira Nushi , Eric Horvitz , Vidhisha Balachandran

Most large language models are autoregressive: they generate tokens one at a time. Discrete diffusion language models can generate multiple tokens in parallel, but sampling from them requires a denoising order: a strategy for deciding which…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Daniel Israel , Tian Jin , Ellie Cheng , Guy Van den Broeck , Aditya Grover , Suvinay Subramanian , Michael Carbin

Autoregressive language models trained with next-token prediction generate text by sampling one discrete token at a time. Although very scalable, this objective forces the model to commit at every step, preventing it from exploring or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Lorenzo Noci , Gregor Bachmann , Seyed-Mohsen Moosavi-Dezfooli , Moin Nabi

Large Language Models (LLMs) demonstrate their reasoning ability through chain-of-thought (CoT) generation. However, LLM's autoregressive decoding may limit the ability to revisit and refine earlier tokens in a holistic manner, which can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Haoqiang Kang , Yizhe Zhang , Nikki Lijing Kuang , Nicklas Majamaki , Navdeep Jaitly , Yi-An Ma , Lianhui Qin

Diffusion models have achieved success in high-fidelity data synthesis, yet their capacity for more complex, structured reasoning like text following tasks remains constrained. While advances in language models have leveraged strategies…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Yuwei Sun , Yuxuan Yao , Hui Li , Siyu Zhu

In recent years, large language models (LLMs) have witnessed remarkable advancements, with the test-time scaling law consistently enhancing the reasoning capabilities. Through systematic evaluation and exploration of a diverse spectrum of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-03 Chenyang Shao , Sijian Ren , Fengli Xu , Yong Li

Discrete diffusion models have emerged as a powerful class of models and a promising route to fast language generation, but practical implementations typically rely on factored reverse transitions ignoring cross-token dependencies and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Dario Shariatian , Alain Durmus , Umut Simsekli , Stefano Peluchetti

Augmenting large language models (LLMs) with auxiliary tokens has emerged as a promising strategy for enhancing model performance. In this work, we introduce a lightweight method termed latent tokens; these are dummy tokens that may be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuchang Sun , Yanxi Chen , Yaliang Li , Bolin Ding

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) are rapidly emerging as a powerful and promising alternative to the dominant autoregressive (AR) paradigm. By generating tokens in parallel through an iterative denoising process, DLMs possess inherent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Tianyi Li , Mingda Chen , Bowei Guo , Zhiqiang Shen

Diffusion language models intrinsically fail to capture correlations between decoded tokens, which leads to a harsh trade-off between sampling quality and throughput. To solve this issue, we propose DiLaDiff, a variant of masked diffusion…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Jean-Marie Lemercier , Tomas Geffner , Karsten Kreis , Morteza Mardani , Arash Vahdat , Ante Jukić

Diffusion language models, especially masked discrete diffusion models, have achieved great success recently. While there are some theoretical and primary empirical results showing the advantages of latent reasoning with looped transformers…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Cai Zhou , Chenxiao Yang , Yi Hu , Chenyu Wang , Chubin Zhang , Muhan Zhang , Lester Mackey , Tommi Jaakkola , Stephen Bates , Dinghuai Zhang

Latent diffusion models offer an attractive alternative to discrete diffusion for non-autoregressive text generation by operating on continuous text representations and denoising entire sequences in parallel. The major challenge in latent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Viacheslav Meshchaninov , Alexander Shabalin , Egor Chimbulatov , Nikita Gushchin , Ilya Koziev , Alexander Korotin , Dmitry Vetrov

Can continuous diffusion models bring the same performance breakthrough on natural language they did for image generation? To circumvent the discrete nature of text data, we can simply project tokens in a continuous space of embeddings, as…

Diffusion language models generate text through iterative refinement, a process that is often computationally inefficient because many tokens reach stability long before the final denoising step. We introduce a training-free, token-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Zahar Kohut , Severyn Shykula , Dmytro Khamula , Mykola Vysotskyi , Taras Rumezhak , Volodymyr Karpiv

We propose a novel class of language models, Latent Thought Models (LTMs), which incorporate explicit latent thought vectors that follow an explicit prior model in latent space. These latent thought vectors guide the autoregressive…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Deqian Kong , Minglu Zhao , Dehong Xu , Bo Pang , Shu Wang , Edouardo Honig , Zhangzhang Si , Chuan Li , Jianwen Xie , Sirui Xie , Ying Nian Wu

Most multi-agent systems rely exclusively on autoregressive language models (ARMs) that are based on sequential generation. Although effective for fluent text, ARMs limit global reasoning and plan revision. On the other hand, Discrete…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Lina Berrayana , Ahmed Heakl , Abdullah Sohail , Thomas Hofmann , Salman Khan , Wei Chen

Discrete diffusion language models have emerged as a competitive alternative to auto-regressive language models, but training them efficiently under limited parameter and memory budgets remains challenging. Modern architectures are…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Zihao Wu , Haoming Yang , Juncheng Dong , Vahid Tarokh

Recent endeavors in Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) aim to unify visual comprehension and generation by combining LLM and diffusion models, the state-of-the-art in each task, respectively. Existing approaches rely on spatial visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-22 Kaihang Pan , Wang Lin , Zhongqi Yue , Tenglong Ao , Liyu Jia , Wei Zhao , Juncheng Li , Siliang Tang , Hanwang Zhang

Diffusion language models offer parallel token generation and inherent bidirectionality, promising more efficient and powerful sequence modeling compared to autoregressive approaches. However, state-of-the-art diffusion models (e.g., Dream…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-10 Zhanqiu Hu , Jian Meng , Yash Akhauri , Mohamed S. Abdelfattah , Jae-sun Seo , Zhiru Zhang , Udit Gupta
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