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The rapid development of LLMs coupled with the introduction of Model Context Protocol (MCP) has revolutionized how intelligent agents interact with APIs through deterministic and structured methods \cite{ModelContextProtocolIntro2025}.…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Aditya Pujara , Xiaogang Zhu , Hsiang-Ting Chen

Third-party Large Language Model (LLM) API gateways are rapidly emerging as unified access points to models offered by multiple vendors. However, the internal routing, caching, and billing policies of these gateways are largely undisclosed,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Guanjie Lin , Yinxin Wan , Shichao Pei , Ting Xu , Kuai Xu , Guoliang Xue

In recent years, blockchain has experienced widespread adoption across various industries, becoming integral to numerous enterprise applications. Concurrently, the rise of generative AI and LLMs has transformed human-computer interactions,…

Large language models and autonomous AI agents have evolved rapidly, resulting in a diverse array of evaluation benchmarks, frameworks, and collaboration protocols. Driven by the growing need for standardized evaluation and integration, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Mohamed Amine Ferrag , Norbert Tihanyi , Merouane Debbah

Autonomous computer use agents that powered by multimodal large language models (MLLMs) are emerging as capable assistants for completing complex digital workflows. However, real-world execution environments are far from ideal: pop-ups,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Jingwei Sun , Jianing Zhu , Yuanyi Li , Tongliang Liu , Xia HU , Bo Han

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) is the standard interface between large language model (LLM) agents and external tools. At organizational scale, however, it exposes two structural problems. First, every API integration is shipped as a…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Axel Dunkel

The Model Context Protocol (MCP) has become a widely adopted interface for LLM agents to invoke external tools, yet learned monitoring of MCP tool-call traffic remains underexplored. In this article, the proposed detector is presented as an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Sultan Zavrak

In recent years, Large-Language-Model-driven AI agents have exhibited unprecedented intelligence and adaptability. Nowadays, agents are undergoing a new round of evolution. They no longer act as an isolated island like LLMs. Instead, they…

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly adopted in sensitive domains such as healthcare and financial institutions' data analytics; however, their execution pipelines remain vulnerable to manipulation and unverifiable behavior.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Saeid Jamshidi , Kawser Wazed Nafi , Arghavan Moradi Dakhel , Foutse Khomh , Amin Nikanjam , Mohammad Adnan Hamdaqa

Model Context Protocol (MCP) is a rapidly adopted standard for defining and invoking external tools in LLM applications. The multi-layered architecture of MCP introduces new attack surfaces such as tool poisoning, in addition to traditional…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 İpek Abasıkeleş Turgut , Edip Gümüş

Recent advances in LLM Multi-Agent Systems enable scalable orchestration of sub-agents, each coordinating hundreds or thousands of tools or Model Context Protocol (MCP) servers. However, existing retrieval methods typically match queries…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Elias Lumer , Faheem Nizar , Anmol Gulati , Pradeep Honaganahalli Basavaraju , Vamse Kumar Subbiah

Information seeking is a fundamental requirement for humans. However, existing LLM agents rely heavily on open-web search, which exposes two fundamental weaknesses: online content is noisy and unreliable, and many real-world tasks require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Yaxin Du , Yuanshuo Zhang , Xiyuan Yang , Yifan Zhou , Cheng Wang , Gongyi Zou , Xianghe Pang , Wenhao Wang , Menglan Chen , Shuo Tang , Zhiyu Li , Feiyu Xiong , Siheng Chen

Generative AI is reshaping offensive cybersecurity by enabling autonomous red team agents that can plan, execute, and adapt during penetration tests. However, existing approaches face trade-offs between generality and specialization, and…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Strahinja Janjusevic , Anna Baron Garcia , Sohrob Kazerounian

Public research results on large-scale supervised finetuning of AI agents remain relatively rare, since the collection of agent training data presents unique challenges. In this work, we argue that the bottleneck is not a lack of underlying…

Multi-agent systems built on large language models (LLMs) are difficult to reason about. Coordination errors such as deadlocks or type-mismatched messages are often hard to detect through testing. We introduce a domain-specific language for…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Benedikt Bollig , Matthias Függer , Thomas Nowak

AI agents increasingly call tools via the Model Context Protocol (MCP) and delegate to other agents via Agent-to-Agent (A2A), yet neither protocol verifies agent identity. A scan of approximately 2,000 MCP servers found all lacked…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-27 Sunil Prakash

Current AI agent architectures suffer from ephemeral memory limitations, preventing effective collaboration and knowledge sharing across sessions and agent boundaries. We introduce SAMEP (Secure Agent Memory Exchange Protocol), a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Hari Masoor

In this work, we study security of Model Context Protocol (MCP) agent toolchains and their applications in smart homes. We introduce AegisMCP, a protocol-level intrusion detector. Our contributions are: (i) a minimal attack suite spanning…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Zhonghao Zhan , Amir Al Sadi , Krinos Li , Hamed Haddadi

As AI agents increasingly operate in complex environments, ensuring reliable, context-aware privacy is critical for regulatory compliance. Traditional access controls are insufficient because privacy risks often arise after access is…

Large language models are increasingly being assembled into medical multi-agent systems that emulate multidisciplinary consultation through specialist roles, peer review and consensus formation. In clinical decision support, however,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yinghao Zhu , Lei Gu , Zixiang Wang , Haoran Sang , Dehao Sui , Wen Tang , Lan Mi , Yasha Wang , Junyi Gao , Liang Yao , Tianfan Fu , Ewen Harrison , Lequan Yu , Liantao Ma