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Background. Automated test execution is an important activity to gather information about the quality of a software project. So-called flaky tests, however, negatively affect this process. Such tests fail seemingly at random without changes…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-03-02 Alexander Berndt , Zoltán Nochta , Thomas Bach

Flaky tests are a common problem in software testing. They produce inconsistent results when executed multiple times on the same code, invalidating the assumption that a test failure indicates a software defect. Recent work on LLM-based…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Sebastian Baltes

Background: Test flakiness is a major problem in the software industry. Flaky tests fail seemingly at random without changes to the code and thus impede continuous integration (CI). Some researchers argue that all tests can be considered…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-09-17 Alexander Berndt , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Flaky tests are software tests that exhibit a seemingly random outcome (pass or fail) when run against the same, identical code. Previous work has examined fixes to flaky tests and has proposed automated solutions to locate as well as fix…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-07-03 Moritz Eck , Fabio Palomba , Marco Castelluccio , Alberto Bacchelli

Test flakiness forms a major testing concern. Flaky tests manifest non-deterministic outcomes that cripple continuous integration and lead developers to investigate false alerts. Industrial reports indicate that on a large scale, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-10 Sarra Habchi , Guillaume Haben , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests yield inconsistent results when they are repeatedly executed on the same code revision. They interfere with automated quality assurance of code changes and hinder efficient software testing. Previous work evaluated approaches to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alexander Berndt , Vekil Bekmyradov , Rainer Gemulla , Marcus Kessel , Thomas Bach , Sebastian Baltes

Regression testing aims to prevent code changes from breaking existing features. Flaky tests negatively affect regression testing because they result in test failures that are not necessarily caused by code changes, thus providing an…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-01 Alexander Berndt , Sebastian Baltes , Thomas Bach

Flaky tests produce inconsistent outcomes without code changes, creating major challenges for software developers. An industrial case study reported that developers spend 1.28% of their time repairing flaky tests at a monthly cost of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Owain Parry , Gregory Kapfhammer , Michael Hilton , Phil McMinn

We report our experience of using failure symptoms, such as error messages or stack traces, to identify flaky test failures in a Continuous Integration (CI) pipeline for a large industrial software system, SAP HANA. Although failure…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-11-07 Gabin An , Juyeon Yoon , Thomas Bach , Jingun Hong , Shin Yoo

Flaky tests, which pass or fail inconsistently without code changes, are a major challenge in software engineering in general and in quantum software engineering in particular due to their complexity and probabilistic nature, leading to…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-11-01 Janakan Sivaloganathan , Ainaz Jamshidi , Andriy Miranskyy , Lei Zhang

Developers always wish to ensure that their latest changes to the code base do not break existing functionality. If test cases fail, they expect these failures to be connected to the submitted changes. Unfortunately, a flaky test can be the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-09-10 Azeem Ahmad , Ola Leifler , Kristian Sandahl

Flaky tests are defined as tests that manifest non-deterministic behaviour by passing and failing intermittently for the same version of the code. These tests cripple continuous integration with false alerts that waste developers' time and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-07-22 Sarra Habchi , Guillaume Haben , Jeongju Sohn , Adriano Franci , Mike Papadakis , Maxime Cordy , Yves Le Traon

Flaky tests (tests with non-deterministic outcomes) pose a major challenge for software testing. They are known to cause significant issues such as reducing the effectiveness and efficiency of testing and delaying software releases. In…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-12-05 Shawn Rasheed , Amjed Tahir , Jens Dietrich , Negar Hashemi , Lu Zhang

Non-deterministically passing and failing test cases, so-called flaky tests, have recently become a focus area of software engineering research. While this research focus has been met with some enthusiastic endorsement from industry, prior…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-04-11 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Flaky tests are tests that can non-deterministically pass or fail, even in the absence of code changes.Despite being a source of false alarms, flaky tests often remain in test suites once they are detected, as they also may be relied upon…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-01-30 Abdulrahman Alshammari , Paul Ammann , Michael Hilton , Jonathan Bell

Flaky tests have gained attention from the research community in recent years and with good reason. These tests lead to wasted time and resources, and they reduce the reliability of the test suites and build systems they affect. However,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-03-05 Alan Romano , Zihe Song , Sampath Grandhi , Wei Yang , Weihang Wang

Flaky tests are problematic because they non-deterministically pass or fail for the same software version under test, causing confusion and wasting development effort. While machine learning models have been used to predict flakiness and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Sakina Fatima , Hadi Hemmati , Lionel Briand

Tests that cause spurious failures without any code changes, i.e., flaky tests, hamper regression testing, increase maintenance costs, may shadow real bugs, and decrease trust in tests. While the prevalence and importance of flakiness is…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Martin Gruber , Stephan Lukasczyk , Florian Kroiß , Gordon Fraser

Non-deterministically behaving (i.e., flaky) tests hamper regression testing as they destroy trust and waste computational and human resources. Eradicating flakiness in test suites is therefore an important goal, but automated debugging…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-05-09 Martin Gruber , Gordon Fraser

Non-deterministically behaving test cases cause developers to lose trust in their regression test suites and to eventually ignore failures. Detecting flaky tests is therefore a crucial task in maintaining code quality, as it builds the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-03-21 Martin Gruber , Michael Heine , Norbert Oster , Michael Philippsen , Gordon Fraser
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