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We review state-of-the-art formal methods applied to the emerging field of the verification of machine learning systems. Formal methods can provide rigorous correctness guarantees on hardware and software systems. Thanks to the availability…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2021-04-22 Caterina Urban , Antoine Miné

In the future, AI will increasingly find its way into systems that can potentially cause physical harm to humans. For such safety-critical systems, it must be demonstrated that their residual risk does not exceed what is acceptable. This…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-02-14 Michael Kläs , Lisa Jöckel , Rasmus Adler , Jan Reich

An assurance case is a structured argument, typically produced by safety engineers, to communicate confidence that a critical or complex system, such as an aircraft, will be acceptably safe within its intended context. Assurance cases often…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Zoe Porter , Ibrahim Habli , John McDermid , Marten Kaas

As hardware and software systems have grown in complexity, formal methods have been indispensable tools for rigorously specifying acceptable behaviors, synthesizing programs to meet these specifications, and validating the correctness of…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Anastasios Manganaris , Vittorio Giammarino , Ahmed H. Qureshi , Suresh Jagannathan

This paper discusses ongoing work in demonstrating research in mobile autonomy in challenging driving scenarios. In our approach, we address fundamental technical issues to overcome critical barriers to assurance and regulation for…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2020-05-06 Matthew Gadd , Daniele De Martini , Letizia Marchegiani , Paul Newman , Lars Kunze

The automotive industry is experiencing a transition from assisted to highly automated driving. New concepts for validation of Automated Driving System (ADS) include amongst other a shift from a "technology based" approach to a "scenario…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Ilona Cieslik , Víctor J. Expósito Jiménez , Helmut Martin , Heiko Scharke , Hannes Schneider

With the widespread consumption of AI-generated content, there has been an increased focus on developing automated tools to verify the factual accuracy of such content. However, prior research and tools developed for fact verification treat…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Varich Boonsanong , Vidhisha Balachandran , Xiaochuang Han , Shangbin Feng , Lucy Lu Wang , Yulia Tsvetkov

Testing has become an indispensable activity of software development, yet writing good and relevant tests remains a quite challenging task. One well-known problem is that it often is impossible or unrealistic to test for every outcome, as…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2017-08-18 Dimitri Racordon , Didier Buchs

In order to properly train a machine learning model, data must be properly collected. To guarantee a proper data collection, verifying that the collected data set holds certain properties is a possible solution. For example, guaranteeing…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-26 Jorge López , Maxime Labonne , Claude Poletti

The verification of cyber-physical systems operating in a safety-critical environment requires formal system models. The validity of the verification hinges on the precision of the model: possible behavior not captured in the model can…

Formal Languages and Automata Theory · Computer Science 2022-01-24 Niklas Metzger , Sanny Schmitt , Maximilian Schwenger

Context: The complexity of modern safety-critical systems in industries keep on increasing due to the rising number of features and functionalities. This calls for formal methods in order to entrust confidence in such systems. Nevertheless,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-08-17 Arut Prakash Kaleeswaran , Arne Nordmann , Thomas Vogel , Lars Grunske

Safety architectures play a crucial role in the safety assurance of automated driving vehicles (ADVs). They can be used as safety envelopes of black-box ADV controllers, and for graceful degradation from one ODD to another. Building on our…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-22 Clovis Eberhart , Jérémy Dubut , James Haydon , Ichiro Hasuo

This paper proposes a framework based on a causal model of safety upon which effective safety assurance cases for ML-based applications can be built. In doing so, we build upon established principles of safety engineering as well as…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2022-08-10 Simon Burton

Formal methods have provided approaches for investigating software engineering fundamentals and also have high potential to improve current practices in dependability assurance. In this article, we summarise known strengths and weaknesses…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2019-11-06 Mario Gleirscher , Simon Foster , Jim Woodcock

The increasing use of Machine Learning (ML) components embedded in autonomous systems -- so-called Learning-Enabled Systems (LESs) -- has resulted in the pressing need to assure their functional safety. As for traditional functional safety,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-01-16 Yi Dong , Wei Huang , Vibhav Bharti , Victoria Cox , Alec Banks , Sen Wang , Xingyu Zhao , Sven Schewe , Xiaowei Huang

Robotic systems are becoming pervasive and adopted in increasingly many domains, such as manufacturing, healthcare, and space exploration. To this end, engineering software has emerged as a crucial discipline for building maintainable and…

The emergent behaviour of autonomous robotic swarms poses a significant challenge to their safety assurance. Assurance tasks encompass adherence to standards, certification processes, and the execution of verification and validation (V&V)…

Application of formal models provides many benefits for the software and system development, however, the learning curve of formal languages could be a critical factor for an industrial project. Thus, a natural language specification that…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2016-12-07 Phan Vo Thu Nhat , Maria Spichkova

We introduce an automated, formal, counterexample-based approach to synthesise Barrier Certificates (BC) for the safety verification of continuous and hybrid dynamical models. The approach is underpinned by an inductive framework: this is…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-10-20 Andrea Peruffo , Daniele Ahmed , Alessandro Abate

Ensuring correctness is crucial for code generation. Formal verification offers a definitive assurance of correctness, but demands substantial human effort in proof construction and hence raises a pressing need for automation. The primary…