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This work introduces a neuro-symbolic agent that combines deep reinforcement learning (DRL) with temporal logic (TL) to achieve systematic zero-shot, i.e., never-seen-before, generalisation of formally specified instructions. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Borja G. León , Murray Shanahan , Francesco Belardinelli

We propose neural-symbolic integration for abstract concept explanation and interactive learning. Neural-symbolic integration and explanation allow users and domain-experts to learn about the data-driven decision making process of large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2022-01-19 Benedikt Wagner , Artur d'Avila Garcez

The tension between deduction and induction is perhaps the most fundamental issue in areas such as philosophy, cognition and artificial intelligence (AI). The deduction camp concerns itself with questions about the expressiveness of formal…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Vaishak Belle

As the number of deep learning frameworks increase and certain ones gain popularity, it spurs the discussion of what methodologies are employed by these frameworks and the reasoning behind them. The goal of this survey is to study how…

Programming Languages · Computer Science 2020-10-07 Belinda Fang , Elaine Yang , Fei Xie

We present a formal and constructive simulation framework for nondeterministic finite automata (NFAs) using time-shared, depth-unrolled feedforward networks (TS-FFNs), i.e., acyclic unrolled computations with shared parameters that are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

Over the last decades, deep neural networks based-models became the dominant paradigm in machine learning. Further, the use of artificial neural networks in symbolic learning has been seen as increasingly relevant recently. To study the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-03 João Flach , Alvaro F. Moreira , Luis C. Lamb

Neuro-symbolic artificial intelligence is a novel area of AI research which seeks to combine traditional rules-based AI approaches with modern deep learning techniques. Neuro-symbolic models have already demonstrated the capability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-09-14 Zachary Susskind , Bryce Arden , Lizy K. John , Patrick Stockton , Eugene B. John

We study the learnability of symbolic finite state automata (SFA), a model shown useful in many applications in software verification. The state-of-the-art literature on this topic follows the query learning paradigm, and so far all…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2024-02-14 Dana Fisman , Hadar Frenkel , Sandra Zilles

Neurosymbolic learning enables the integration of symbolic reasoning with deep learning but faces significant challenges in scaling to complex symbolic programs, large datasets, or both. We introduce DOLPHIN, a framework that tackles these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-01 Aaditya Naik , Jason Liu , Claire Wang , Amish Sethi , Saikat Dutta , Mayur Naik , Eric Wong

Recent work on neuro-symbolic inductive logic programming has led to promising approaches that can learn explanatory rules from noisy, real-world data. While some proposals approximate logical operators with differentiable operators from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2021-12-08 Prithviraj Sen , Breno W. S. R. de Carvalho , Ryan Riegel , Alexander Gray

Neuro-symbolic systems combine the abilities of neural perception and logical reasoning. However, end-to-end learning of neuro-symbolic systems is still an unsolved challenge. This paper proposes a natural framework that fuses neural…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Zenan Li , Yunpeng Huang , Zhaoyu Li , Yuan Yao , Jingwei Xu , Taolue Chen , Xiaoxing Ma , Jian Lu

Reinforcement Learning (RL) is a well-established framework for sequential decision-making in complex environments. However, state-of-the-art Deep RL (DRL) algorithms typically require large training datasets and often struggle to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-13 Celeste Veronese , Alessandro Farinelli , Daniele Meli

Current advances in Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Machine Learning (ML) have achieved unprecedented impact across research communities and industry. Nevertheless, concerns about trust, safety, interpretability and accountability of AI…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2020-12-18 Artur d'Avila Garcez , Luis C. Lamb

The problem with existing camera-based Deep Reinforcement Learning approaches is twofold: they rarely integrate high-level scene context into the feature representation, and they rely on rigid, fixed reward functions. To address these…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Vinal Asodia , Iman Sharifi , Saber Fallah

Integrating symbolic knowledge and data-driven learning algorithms is a longstanding challenge in Artificial Intelligence. Despite the recognized importance of this task, a notable gap exists due to the discreteness of symbolic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-05-24 Gaia Saveri , Laura Nenzi , Luca Bortolussi , Jan Křetínský

Lample and Charton (2019) describe a system that uses deep learning technology to compute symbolic, indefinite integrals, and to find symbolic solutions to first- and second-order ordinary differential equations, when the solutions are…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-12-17 Ernest Davis

To handle AI tasks that combine perception and logical reasoning, recent work introduces Neurosymbolic Deep Neural Networks (NS-DNNs), which contain -- in addition to traditional neural layers -- symbolic layers: symbolic expressions (e.g.,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Aaron Bembenek , Toby Murray

We present a complete theoretical and empirical framework establishing feedforward neural networks as universal finite-state machines (N-FSMs). Our results prove that finite-depth ReLU and threshold networks can exactly simulate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Sahil Rajesh Dhayalkar

Deep Learning (DL) techniques have achieved remarkable successes in recent years. However, their ability to generalize and execute reasoning tasks remains a challenge. A potential solution to this issue is Neuro-Symbolic Integration (NeSy),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-16 Alessandro Daniele , Tommaso Campari , Sagar Malhotra , Luciano Serafini

We present an inductive spatio-temporal learning framework rooted in inductive logic programming. With an emphasis on visuo-spatial language, logic, and cognition, the framework supports learning with relational spatio-temporal features…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-08-10 Jakob Suchan , Mehul Bhatt , Carl Schultz