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Spiking Neural Networks (SNN) are mathematical models in neuroscience to describe the dynamics among a set of neurons that interact with each other by firing instantaneous signals, a.k.a., spikes. Interestingly, a recent advance in…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2018-11-22 Chi-Ning Chou , Kai-Min Chung , Chi-Jen Lu

Spiking Neural Networks are a type of neural networks where neurons communicate using only spikes. They are often presented as a low-power alternative to classical neural networks, but few works have proven these claims to be true. In this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2023-04-17 Edgar Lemaire , Loic Cordone , Andrea Castagnetti , Pierre-Emmanuel Novac , Jonathan Courtois , Benoit Miramond

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are energy-efficient counterparts of Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) with high biological plausibility, as information is transmitted through temporal spiking patterns. The core element of an SNN is the spiking…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Abdullah Arafat Miah , Kevin Vu , Yu Bi

Brain-inspired Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have attracted attention for their event-driven characteristics and high energy efficiency. However, the temporal dependency and irregularity of spikes present significant challenges for…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Kainan Wang , Chengyi Yang , Chengting Yu , Yee Sin Ang , Bo Wang , Aili Wang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) that operate in an event-driven manner and employ binary spike representation have recently emerged as promising candidates for energy-efficient computing. However, a cost bottleneck arises in obtaining…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-01-22 Yunpeng Yao , Man Wu , Zheng Chen , Renyuan Zhang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs), as an emerging biologically inspired computational model, demonstrate significant energy efficiency advantages due to their event-driven information processing mechanism. Compared to traditional Artificial…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Changqing Xu , Buxuan Song , Yi Liu , Xinfang Liao , Wenbin Zheng , Yintang Yang

In the reinforcement learning (RL) tasks, the ability to predict receiving reward in the near or more distant future means the ability to evaluate the current state as more or less close to the target state (labelled by the reward signal).…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2023-11-10 Mikhail Kiselev

Neuromorphic vision systems based on spiking neural networks (SNNs) offer ultra-low-power perception for event-based and frame-based cameras, yet catastrophic forgetting remains a critical barrier to deployment in continually evolving…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-03-11 Anika Tabassum Meem , Muntasir Hossain Nadid , Md Zesun Ahmed Mia

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are highly energy-efficient due to event-driven, sparse computation, but their training is challenged by spike non-differentiability and trade-offs among performance, efficiency, and biological plausibility.…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Zihan Huang , Zijie Xu , Yihan Huang , Shanshan Jia , Tong Bu , Yiting Dong , Wenxuan Liu , Jianhao Ding , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking Neural Network (SNN), as a brain-inspired and energy-efficient network, is currently facing the pivotal challenge of exploring a suitable and efficient learning framework. The predominant training methodologies, namely…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Zecheng Hao , Qichao Ma , Kang Chen , Yi Zhang , Zhaofei Yu , Tiejun Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) promise higher energy efficiency over conventional Quantized Artificial Neural Networks (QNNs) due to their event-driven, spike-based computation. However, prevailing energy evaluations often oversimplify,…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Zhanglu Yan , Zhenyu Bai , Weng-Fai Wong

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) are brain-inspired mathematical models with the ability to process information in the form of spikes. SNNs are expected to provide not only new machine-learning algorithms, but also energy-efficient…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-01-16 Yusuke Sakemi , Kai Morino , Takashi Morie , Kazuyuki Aihara

Spiking neural networks (SNNs) have emerged as energy-efficient neural networks with temporal information. SNNs have shown a superior efficiency on neuromorphic devices, but the devices are susceptible to noise, which hinders them from…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-04-23 Seongsik Park , Dongjin Lee , Sungroh Yoon

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are being explored for their potential energy efficiency resulting from sparse, event-driven computations. Many recent works have demonstrated effective backpropagation for deep Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2020-03-04 Jason M. Allred , Steven J. Spencer , Gopalakrishnan Srinivasan , Kaushik Roy

Precise timing of spikes and temporal locking are key elements of neural computation. Here we demonstrate how even strongly heterogeneous, deterministic neural networks with delayed interactions and complex topology can exhibit periodic…

Neurons and Cognition · Quantitative Biology 2009-11-13 Raoul-Martin Memmesheimer , Marc Timme

Network of neurons in the brain apply - unlike processors in our current generation of computer hardware - an event-based processing strategy, where short pulses (spikes) are emitted sparsely by neurons to signal the occurrence of an event…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2014-12-19 Zeno Jonke , Stefan Habenschuss , Wolfgang Maass

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) have emerged as an attractive alternative to traditional deep learning frameworks, since they provide higher computational efficiency in event driven neuromorphic hardware. However, the state-of-the-art (SOTA)…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2021-09-05 Gourav Datta , Souvik Kundu , Peter A. Beerel

Spiking neural network (SNN), as the next generation of artificial neural network (ANN), offer a closer mimicry of natural neural networks and hold promise for significant improvements in computational efficiency. However, the current SNN…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Dengyu Wu , Gaojie Jin , Han Yu , Xinping Yi , Xiaowei Huang

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) are considered as a potential candidate for the next generation of artificial intelligence with appealing characteristics such as sparse computation and inherent temporal dynamics. By adopting architectures of…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Kaiwei Che , Zhaokun Zhou , Li Yuan , Jianguo Zhang , Yonghong Tian , Luziwei Leng

Spiking Neural Networks (SNNs) claim to present many advantages in terms of biological plausibility and energy efficiency compared to standard Deep Neural Networks (DNNs). Recent works have shown that DNNs are vulnerable to adversarial…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-01-26 Alberto Marchisio , Giorgio Nanfa , Faiq Khalid , Muhammad Abdullah Hanif , Maurizio Martina , Muhammad Shafique