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Reinforcement learning (RL) for large language model reasoning is frequently hindered by signal loss, a phenomenon where standard uniform sampling with small group sizes fails to uncover informative learning signals for difficult prompts.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-08 Wei Xiong , Chenlu Ye , Baohao Liao , Hanze Dong , Xinxing Xu , Christof Monz , Jiang Bian , Nan Jiang , Tong Zhang

Whether Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) endows Large Language Models (LLMs) with new capabilities or merely elicits latent traces remains a central debate. In this work, we align with the former view, proposing a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Zhilin Wang , Yafu Li , Shunkai Zhang , Zhi Wang , Haoran Zhang , Xiaoye Qu , Yu Cheng

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an essential paradigm that enhances the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods typically rely on static policy optimization schemes that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yiming Huang , Zhenbo Shi , Shuzheng Gao , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu

Strategic aggregation of electric vehicle batteries as energy reservoirs can optimize power grid demand, benefiting smart and connected communities, especially large office buildings that offer workplace charging. This involves optimizing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Fangqi Liu , Rishav Sen , Jose Paolo Talusan , Ava Pettet , Aaron Kandel , Yoshinori Suzue , Ayan Mukhopadhyay , Abhishek Dubey

Reinforcement learning (RL) based investment strategies have been widely adopted in portfolio management (PM) in recent years. Nevertheless, most RL-based approaches may often emphasize on pursuing returns while ignoring the risks of the…

Portfolio Management · Quantitative Finance 2023-06-13 Zhenglong Li , Hejun Huang , Vincent Tam

Reinforcement Learning from Verifier Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a widely used approach for post-training large language models on reasoning tasks, with group-based methods such as GRPO and its variants gaining broad adoption. These…

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) significantly enhances large language models (LLMs) reasoning but severely suffers from calibration degeneration, where models become excessively over-confident in incorrect answers.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhengzhao Ma , Xueru Wen , Boxi Cao , Yaojie Lu , Hongyu Lin , Jinglin Yang , Min He , Xianpei Han , Le Sun

Self-paced reinforcement learning (RL) aims to improve the data efficiency of learning by automatically creating sequences, namely curricula, of probability distributions over contexts. However, existing techniques for self-paced RL fail in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-29 Cevahir Koprulu , Ufuk Topcu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) scales the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs) but remains bottlenecked by limited labeled samples for continued data scaling. Reinforcement learning with intrinsic rewards…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Chuyi Tan , Peiwen Yuan , Xinglin Wang , Yiwei Li , Shaoxiong Feng , Yueqi Zhang , Jiayi Shi , Ji Zhang , Boyuan Pan , Yao Hu , Kan Li

Traditional on-policy Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) frameworks suffer from experience waste and reward homogeneity, which directly hinders learning efficiency on difficult samples during large language models…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Xu Wan , Yansheng Wang , Wenqi Huang , Mingyang Sun

Reinforcement learning (RL) has increasingly been applied to solve real-world planning problems, with progress in handling large state spaces and time horizons. However, a key bottleneck in many domains is that RL methods cannot accommodate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-19 Lily Xu , Bryan Wilder , Elias B. Khalil , Milind Tambe

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as an effective approach for improving the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). The Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) family has demonstrated strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Chenxi Liu , Junjie Liang , Yuqi Jia , Bochuan Cao , Yang Bai , Heng Huang , Xun Chen

Reinforcement learning with verifiers (RLVR) has become a central paradigm for improving LLM reasoning, yet popular group-based optimization algorithms like GRPO often suffer from exploration collapse, where the models prematurely converge…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Haoxuan Chen , Tianming Liang , Wei-Shi Zheng , Jian-Fang Hu

Improving and understanding the training dynamics and reasoning of Large Language Models (LLMs) has become essential for their deployment in AI-based security tools, such as software vulnerability detection. In this work, we present an…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Marco Simoni , Aleksandar Fontana , Giulio Rossolini , Andrea Saracino

Large-scale reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated its effectiveness in harnessing the potential of large language models (LLMs) for single-turn reasoning tasks. In realistic reasoning scenarios, LLMs can…

Recommender systems aim to recommend the most suitable items to users from a large number of candidates. Their computation cost grows as the number of user requests and the complexity of services (or models) increases. Under the limitation…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-01-04 Jiahong Zhou , Shunhui Mao , Guoliang Yang , Bo Tang , Qianlong Xie , Lebin Lin , Xingxing Wang , Dong Wang

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become an effective approach for fine-tuning large language models (LLMs), particularly to enhance their reasoning capabilities. However, RL fine-tuning remains highly resource-intensive, and existing work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yifan Sun , Jingyan Shen , Yibin Wang , Tianyu Chen , Zhendong Wang , Mingyuan Zhou , Huan Zhang

Risk-sensitive reinforcement learning (RL) aims to optimize policies that balance the expected reward and risk. In this paper, we present a novel risk-sensitive RL framework that employs an Iterated Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-05 Yu Chen , Yihan Du , Pihe Hu , Siwei Wang , Desheng Wu , Longbo Huang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Reward (RLVR) is a powerful method for enhancing the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models, but its full potential is limited by a lack of exploration in two key areas: Depth (the difficulty of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Zhicheng Yang , Zhijiang Guo , Yinya Huang , Yongxin Wang , Dongchun Xie , Hanhui Li , Yiwei Wang , Xiaodan Liang , Jing Tang

Scaling test-time compute is crucial for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Existing approaches typically employ reinforcement learning (RL) to maximize a verifiable reward obtained at the end of reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Penghui Qi , Zichen Liu , Tianyu Pang , Chao Du , Wee Sun Lee , Min Lin