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Proximal policy optimization (PPO) is one of the most successful deep reinforcement-learning methods, achieving state-of-the-art performance across a wide range of challenging tasks. However, its optimization behavior is still far from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-15 Yuhui Wang , Hao He , Chao Wen , Xiaoyang Tan

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated remarkable potential in automating software development tasks. While recent advances leverage Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT) and Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) to align models with human…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xin Yin , Chao Ni , Xiaohu Yang

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR), due to the deterministic verification, becomes a dominant paradigm for enhancing the reasoning ability of large language models (LLMs). The community witnesses the rapid change from the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Mingwei Xu , Hao Fang

In information retrieval, training reranking models mainly focuses on two types of objectives: metric learning (e.g. contrastive loss to increase the predicted scores on relevant query-document pairs) and classification (binary label…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Ziqi Dai , Xin Zhang , Mingxin Li , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Meishan Zhang , Wenjie Li , Min Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) benefit substantially from supervised fine-tuning (SFT) and reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) in reasoning tasks. However, these recipes perform poorly in instruction-based molecular…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Xuan Li , Zhanke Zhou , Zongze Li , Jiangchao Yao , Yu Rong , Lu Zhang , Bo Han

Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) is commonly used in Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback to align large language models (LLMs) with downstream tasks. This paper investigates the feasibility of using PPO for direct reinforcement…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-23 Alexander G. Padula , Dennis J. N. J. Soemers

This research investigates the effectiveness of alignment techniques, Supervised Fine-Tuning (SFT), Direct Preference Optimization (DPO), and a combined SFT+DPO approach on improving the safety and helpfulness of the OPT-350M language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Piyush Pant

Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) is crucial for aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) with human values. However, RLHF has been continuously challenged by its high complexity in implementation and computation consumption,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yuhao Du , Zhuo Li , Pengyu Cheng , Zhihong Chen , Yuejiao Xie , Xiang Wan , Anningzhe Gao

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly applied to complex reasoning tasks that require executing several complex steps before receiving any reward. Properly assigning credit to these steps is essential for enhancing model…

Supervised fine-tuning (SFT) of large language models can be viewed as an off-policy learning problem, where expert demonstrations come from a fixed behavior policy while training aims to optimize a target policy. Importance sampling is the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Shiwan Zhao , Xuyang Zhao , Jiaming Zhou , Aobo Kong , Qicheng Li , Yong Qin

Simultaneous speech translation (SST) generates translations while receiving partial speech input. Recent advances show that large language models (LLMs) can substantially improve SST quality, but at the cost of high computational overhead.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Siqi Ouyang , Shuoyang Ding , Oleksii Hrinchuk , Vitaly Lavrukhin , Brian Yan , Boris Ginsburg , Lei Li

Existing LLM-based policy optimizers see only scalar rewards: that a policy scored 0.45, but not whether the agent got stuck in a loop, fell into a hole on the third step, or performed well on 19 out of 20 rollouts and failed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Rahaf Abu Hara , Vaibbhav Murarri , Claudio Zito

Reinforcement learning (RL) has become central to enhancing reasoning in large language models (LLMs). Yet on-policy algorithms such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) often suffer in early training: noisy gradients from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Ziyan Wang , Zheng Wang , Xingwei Qu , Qi Cheng , Jie Fu , Shengpu Tang , Minjia Zhang , Xiaoming Huo

Large language models are commonly trained through multi-stage post-training: first via RLHF, then fine-tuned for other downstream objectives. Yet even small downstream updates can compromise earlier learned behaviors (e.g., safety),…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Mahdi Sabbaghi , George Pappas , Adel Javanmard , Hamed Hassani

Reinforcement learning with verifiable reward has recently emerged as a central paradigm for post-training large language models (LLMs); however, prevailing mean-based methods, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), suffer from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-02 Tao Ren , Jinyang Jiang , Hui Yang , Wan Tian , Minhao Zou , Guanghao Li , Zishi Zhang , Qinghao Wang , Shentao Qin , Yanjun Zhao , Rui Tao , Hui Shao , Yijie Peng

Bootstrapping large language models (LLMs) through preference-based policy optimization offers a promising direction for aligning model behavior with human preferences without relying on extensive manual annotations. In this work, we…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-25 Chen Jia

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has emerged as a more computationally efficient alternative to Reinforcement Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) with Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO), eliminating the need for reward models and online…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Xin Mao , Feng-Lin Li , Huimin Xu , Wei Zhang , Wang Chen , Anh Tuan Luu

Direct Preference Optimization (DPO) has gained significant attention for its simplicity and computational efficiency in aligning large language models (LLMs). Recent advancements have extended DPO to multimodal scenarios, achieving strong…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Yeyuan Wang , Dehong Gao , Rujiao Long , Lei Yi , Linbo Jin , Libin Yang , Xiaoyan Cai

The key to building trustworthy large language models (LLMs) lies in endowing them with inherent uncertainty expression capabilities, thereby mitigating overconfident errors in high-stakes applications. However, existing RL paradigms such…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Xianzhou Zeng , Jing Huang , Chunmei Xie , Gongrui Nan , Siye Chen , Mengyu Lu , Weiqi Xiong , Qixuan Zhou , Junhao Zhang , Qiang Zhu , Yadong Li , Xingzhong Xu

Offline reinforcement learning (RL) is a variant of RL where the policy is learned from a previously collected dataset of trajectories and rewards. In our work, we propose a practical approach to offline RL with large language models…