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Related papers: PA-MIL: Phenotype-Aware Multiple Instance Learning…

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Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a robust paradigm for whole-slide pathological image (WSI) analysis, processing gigapixel-resolution images with slide-level labels. As pioneering efforts, attention-based MIL (ABMIL) and its variants are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-02 Linghan Cai , Shenjin Huang , Ye Zhang , Jinpeng Lu , Yongbing Zhang

In many histopathology tasks, sample classification depends on morphological details in tissue or single cells that are only visible at the highest magnification. For a pathologist, this implies tedious zooming in and out, while for a…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Ario Sadafi , Nassir Navab , Carsten Marr

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is an effective and widely used approach for weakly supervised machine learning. In histopathology, MIL models have achieved remarkable success in tasks like tumor detection, biomarker prediction, and…

Whole slide image (WSI) classification is a critical task in computational pathology, requiring the processing of gigapixel-sized images, which is challenging for current deep-learning methods. Current state of the art methods are based on…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Jingwei Zhang , Saarthak Kapse , Ke Ma , Prateek Prasanna , Joel Saltz , Maria Vakalopoulou , Dimitris Samaras

Whole-slide image (WSI) classification in computational pathology is commonly formulated as slide-level Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) with a single global bag representation. However, slide-level MIL is fundamentally underconstrained:…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-15 Syed Fahim Ahmed , Gnanesh Rasineni , Florian Koehler , Abu Zahid Bin Aziz , Mei Wang , Attila Gyulassy , Brian Summa , J. Quincy Brown , Valerio Pascucci , Shireen Y. Elhabian

Traditional image-based survival prediction models rely on discriminative patch labeling which make those methods not scalable to extend to large datasets. Recent studies have shown Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) framework is useful for…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2020-09-24 Jiawen Yao , Xinliang Zhu , Jitendra Jonnagaddala , Nicholas Hawkins , Junzhou Huang

Cancer diagnosis has greatly benefited from the integration of whole-slide images (WSIs) with multiple instance learning (MIL), enabling high-resolution analysis of tissue morphology. Graph-based MIL (GNN-MIL) approaches have emerged as…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-27 Jongwoo Kim , Bryan Wong , Huazhu Fu , Willmer Rafell Quiñones , Youngsin Ko , Mun Yong Yi

Histomorphology is crucial in cancer diagnosis. However, existing whole slide image (WSI) classification methods struggle to effectively incorporate histomorphology information, limiting their ability to capture key pathological features.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-01 Baizhi Wang , Rui Yan , Wenxin Ma , Xu Zhang , Yuhao Wang , Xiaolong Li , Yunjie Gu , Zihang Jiang , S. Kevin Zhou

Multi-Instance Learning (MIL) has shown impressive performance for histopathology whole slide image (WSI) analysis using bags or pseudo-bags. It involves instance sampling, feature representation, and decision-making. However, existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-14 Tingting Zheng , Kui Jiang , Hongxun Yao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as the dominant paradigm for whole slide image (WSI) analysis in computational pathology, achieving strong diagnostic performance through patch-level feature aggregation. However, existing MIL…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-17 Yiran Song , Yikai Zhang , Shuang Zhou , Guojun Xiong , Xiaofeng Yang , Nian Wang , Fenglong Ma , Rui Zhang , Mingquan Lin

Pathological image analysis is an important process for detecting abnormalities such as cancer from cell images. However, since the image size is generally very large, the cost of providing detailed annotations is high, which makes it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-10 Shusuke Takahama , Yusuke Kurose , Yusuke Mukuta , Hiroyuki Abe , Akihiko Yoshizawa , Tetsuo Ushiku , Masashi Fukayama , Masanobu Kitagawa , Masaru Kitsuregawa , Tatsuya Harada

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in analyzing histopathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs). However, existing MIL methods do not explicitly model the data distribution, and instead they only learn a bag-level or instance-level…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-06-20 Linhao Qu , Xiaoyuan Luo , Shaolei Liu , Manning Wang , Zhijian Song

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has emerged as a popular method for classifying histopathology whole slide images (WSIs). Existing approaches typically rely on frozen pre-trained models to extract instance features, neglecting the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-20 Yi Lin , Zhengjie Zhu , Kwang-Ting Cheng , Hao Chen

Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is a cornerstone approach in computational pathology (CPath) for generating clinically meaningful slide-level embeddings from gigapixel tissue images. However, MIL often struggles with small, weakly…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-12 Daniel Shao , Richard J. Chen , Andrew H. Song , Joel Runevic , Ming Y. Lu , Tong Ding , Faisal Mahmood

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful tool to solve the weakly supervised classification in whole slide image (WSI) based pathology diagnosis. However, the current MIL methods are usually based on independent and identical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Zhuchen Shao , Hao Bian , Yang Chen , Yifeng Wang , Jian Zhang , Xiangyang Ji , Yongbing Zhang

Forensic pathology is critical in analyzing death manner and time from the microscopic aspect to assist in the establishment of reliable factual bases for criminal investigation. In practice, even the manual differentiation between…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Chen Shen , Jun Zhang , Xinggong Liang , Zeyi Hao , Kehan Li , Fan Wang , Zhenyuan Wang , Chunfeng Lian

The rapidly emerging field of deep learning-based computational pathology has demonstrated promise in developing objective prognostic models from histology whole slide images. However, most prognostic models are either based on histology or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-08-06 Richard J. Chen , Ming Y. Lu , Drew F. K. Williamson , Tiffany Y. Chen , Jana Lipkova , Muhammad Shaban , Maha Shady , Mane Williams , Bumjin Joo , Zahra Noor , Faisal Mahmood

Graph-based Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) is widely used in survival analysis with Hematoxylin and Eosin (H\&E)-stained whole slide images (WSIs) due to its ability to capture topological information. However, variations in staining and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Min Cen , Zhenfeng Zhuang , Yuzhe Zhang , Min Zeng , Baptiste Magnier , Lequan Yu , Hong Zhang , Liansheng Wang