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Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has demonstrated remarkable success in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, recent studies question whether RL genuinely expands reasoning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Dayu Wang , Jiaye Yang , Weikang Li , Jiahui Liang , Yang Li

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards(RLVR) has demonstrated great potential in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, its success has thus far been largely confined to the mathematical and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-05 Mengyu Zhang , Siyu Ding , Weichong Yin , Yu Sun , Hua Wu

We show that reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) can elicit strong mathematical reasoning in certain language models even with spurious rewards that have little, no, or even negative correlation with the correct answer.…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a prominent method for post-training Large Language Models (LLMs). However, verifiers are rarely error-free; even deterministic checks can be inaccurate, and the growing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Andreas Plesner , Francisco Guzmán , Anish Athalye

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). Unlike traditional RL approaches, RLVR leverages rule-based feedback to guide…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Jia Deng , Jie Chen , Zhipeng Chen , Daixuan Cheng , Fei Bai , Beichen Zhang , Yinqian Min , Yanzipeng Gao , Wayne Xin Zhao , Ji-Rong Wen

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an effective paradigm for improving the reasoning capabilities of large language models. However, existing RLVR methods utilize rollouts in an indiscriminate and short-horizon manner:…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Xiaodong Lu , Xiaohan Wang , Jiajun Chai , Guojun Yin , Wei Lin , Zhijun Chen , Yu Luo , Fuzhen Zhuang , Yikun Ban , Deqing Wang

Reinforcement learning from human feedback (RLHF) or verifiable rewards (RLVR), the standard paradigm for aligning LLMs or building recent SOTA reasoning models, is highly sensitive to noise from inconsistent or erroneous rewards. Yet, the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-20 Omar El Mansouri , Fathinah Asma Izzati , Mohamed El Amine Seddik , Salem Lahlou

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has markedly enhanced the reasoning abilities of large language models (LLMs). Its success, however, largely depends on strong base models with rich world knowledge, yielding only modest…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Yongxin Guo , Wenbo Deng , Zhenglin Cheng , Xiaoying Tang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) for LLM reasoning is often framed as balancing exploration and exploitation in action space, typically operationalized with token-level proxies (e.g., output entropy or confidence). We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Fanding Huang , Guanbo Huang , Xiao Fan , Yi He , Xiao Liang , Xiao Chen , Qinting Jiang , Faisal Nadeem Khan , Jingyan Jiang , Zhi Wang

Deep reinforcement learning (RL) methods generally engage in exploratory behavior through noise injection in the action space. An alternative is to add noise directly to the agent's parameters, which can lead to more consistent exploration…

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for post-training large reasoning models (LRMs) using policy-gradient methods such as GRPO. To stabilize training, these methods typically center…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Guanning Zeng , Zhaoyi Zhou , Daman Arora , Andrea Zanette

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has proven effective in training large reasoning models (LRMs) by leveraging answer-verifiable signals to guide policy optimization, which, however, suffers from high annotation costs.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Shenzhi Yang , Guangcheng Zhu , Xing Zheng , Yingfan MA , Zhongqi Chen , Bowen Song , Weiqiang Wang , Junbo Zhao , Gang Chen , Haobo Wang

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has become a central approach for improving the reasoning ability of large language models. Recent work studies RLVR through token entropy, arguing that high-entropy tokens drive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Xinzhu Chen , Xuesheng Li , Zhongxiang Sun , Weijie Yu

Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) is an essential paradigm that enhances the reasoning capabilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). However, existing methods typically rely on static policy optimization schemes that…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Yiming Huang , Zhenbo Shi , Shuzheng Gao , Cuiyun Gao , Peiyi Han , Chuanyi Liu

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) for Large Reasoning Models hinges on baseline estimation for variance reduction, but existing approaches pay a heavy price: PPO requires a policy-model scale critic, while GRPO needs…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yunho Choi , Jongwon Lim , Woojin Ahn , Minjae Oh , Jeonghoon Shim , Yohan Jo

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) succeeds in reasoning tasks (e.g., math and code) by checking the final verifiable answer (i.e., a verifiable dot signal). However, extending this paradigm to open-ended generation is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yuxin Jiang , Yufei Wang , Qiyuan Zhang , Xingshan Zeng , Liangyou Li , Jierun Chen , Chaofan Tao , Haoli Bai , Lifeng Shang

This paper introduces RLNVR (Reinforcement Learning from Non-Verified Rewards), a framework for training language models using noisy, real-world feedback signals without requiring explicit human verification. Traditional RLHF requires…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Rohit Krishnan , Jon Evans

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has become a highly effective method for improving the reasoning abilities of Large Language Models (LLMs). Recent research shows that Negative Sample Reinforcement (NSR) -- which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Yash Ingle , Jaival Chauhan , Ankit Yadav , Sudhakar Mishra

Test-time scaling has been shown to substantially improve large language models' (LLMs) mathematical reasoning. However, for a large portion of mathematical corpora, especially theorem proving, RLVR's scalability is limited: intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Zhen Wang , Zhifeng Gao , Guolin Ke

Diffusion large language models (dLLMs) offer a promising route to parallel and efficient text generation, but improving their reasoning ability requires effective post-training. Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) is a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Zichao Yu , Shengze Xu , Bingqing Jiang , Wenyi Zhang , Difan Zou