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Indirect reciprocity is a key mechanism for large-scale cooperation. This mechanism captures the insight that in part, people help others to build and maintain a good reputation. To enable such cooperation, appropriate social norms are…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2025-09-12 Nikoleta E. Glynatsi , Christian Hilbe , Yohsuke Murase

Cooperation in groups underpins collective responses to challenges from climate governance to public goods provision, yet how moral evaluation sustains it remains poorly understood. Indirect reciprocity -- cooperating to build a good…

Physics and Society · Physics 2026-04-29 Ming Wei , Xin Wang , Junyu Lu , Longzhao Liu , Yishen Jiang , Hongwei Zheng , Shaoting Tang , Feng Fu

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism that explains large-scale cooperation in human societies. In indirect reciprocity, an individual chooses whether or not to cooperate with another based on reputation information, and others evaluate the…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-10-20 Yuma Fujimoto , Hisashi Ohtsuki

Cooperation is a crucial aspect of social life, yet understanding the nature of cooperation and how it can be promoted is an ongoing challenge. One mechanism for cooperation is indirect reciprocity. According to this mechanism, individuals…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-30 Yohsuke Murase , Christian Hilbe

Indirect reciprocity is a key explanation for the exceptional magnitude of cooperation among humans. This literature suggests that a large proportion of human cooperation is driven by social norms and individuals' incentives to maintain a…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-11-25 Yohsuke Murase , Christian Hilbe

Direct reciprocity is a mechanism for the evolution of cooperation in repeated social interactions. According to this literature, individuals naturally learn to adopt conditionally cooperative strategies if they have multiple encounters…

Physics and Society · Physics 2023-11-07 Nikoleta E. Glynatsi , Alex McAvoy , Christian Hilbe

Altruistic cooperation is costly yet socially desirable. As a result, agents struggle to learn cooperative policies through independent reinforcement learning (RL). Indirect reciprocity, where agents consider their interaction partner's…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-08-09 Martin Smit , Fernando P. Santos

Previous research has shown how indirect reciprocity can promote cooperation through evolutionary game theoretic models. Most work in this field assumes a separation of time-scales: individuals' reputations equilibrate at a fast time scale…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2024-12-23 Bryce Morsky , Joshua B. Plotkin , Erol Akçay

Human cooperation depends on indirect reciprocity. In this work, we explore the concept of indirect reciprocity using a donation game in an infinitely large population. In particular, we examine how updating the reputations of recipients…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-05-10 Alina Glaubitz , Feng Fu

Indirect reciprocity unveils how social cooperation is founded upon moral systems. Within the frame of dyadic games based on individual reputations, the "leading-eight" strategies distinguish themselves in promoting and sustaining…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-10-22 Ming Wei , Xin Wang , Longzhao Liu , Hongwei Zheng , Yishen Jiang , Yajing Hao , Zhiming Zheng , Feng Fu , Shaoting Tang

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism by which individuals cooperate with those who have cooperated with others. This creates a regime in which repeated interactions are not necessary to incent cooperation (as would be required for direct…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2023-08-08 Victor Vikram Odouard , Michael Holton Price

The evolutionary mechanisms of cooperative behavior represent a fundamental topic in complex systems and evolutionary dynamics. Real-world collective interactions, particularly in multi-agent systems, are often characterized by…

Adaptation and Self-Organizing Systems · Physics 2026-02-23 Yishen Jiang , Xin Wang , Wenqiang Zhu , Ming Wei , Longzhao Liu , Shaoting Tang , Hongwei Zheng

Indirect reciprocity is a major mechanism in the maintenance of cooperation among unrelated individuals. Indirect reciprocity leads to conditional cooperation according to social norms that discriminate the good (those who deserve to be…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2017-02-07 Tatsuya Sasaki , Isamu Okada , Yutaka Nakai

Indirect reciprocity is a foundational mechanism of human cooperation. Existing models of indirect reciprocity fail to robustly support social cooperation: image scoring models fail to provide robust incentives, while social standing models…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2019-10-10 Daniel Clark , Drew Fudenberg , Alexander Wolitzky

Indirect reciprocity is a mechanism that explains large-scale cooperation in humans. In indirect reciprocity, individuals use reputations to choose whether or not to cooperate with a partner and update others' reputations. A major question…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Yuma Fujimoto , Hisashi Ohtsuki

Reputation is a powerful mechanism to enforce cooperation among unrelated individuals through indirect reciprocity, but it suffers from disagreement originating from private assessment, noise, and incomplete information. In this work, we…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2021-07-12 Sanghun Lee , Yohsuke Murase , Seung Ki Baek

Indirect reciprocity is a reputation-based mechanism for cooperation in social dilemma situations when individuals do not repeatedly meet. The conditions under which cooperation based on indirect reciprocity occurs have been examined in…

Populations and Evolution · Quantitative Biology 2012-11-22 Shoma Tanabe , Hideyuki Suzuki , Naoki Masuda

Exploiting others is beneficial individually but it could also be detrimental globally. The reverse is also true: a higher cooperation level may change the environment in a way that is beneficial for all competitors. To explore the possible…

Physics and Society · Physics 2018-02-23 Attila Szolnoki , Xiaojie Chen

Cooperation is vital for the survival of living systems but is challenging due to the costs borne by altruistic individuals. Direct reciprocity, where actions are based on past encounters, is a key mechanism fostering cooperation. However,…

Physics and Society · Physics 2025-06-06 Ketian Sun , Qi Su , Long Wang

Reputation plays a crucial role in social interactions by affecting the fitness of individuals during an evolutionary process. Previous works have extensively studied the result of imitation dynamics without focusing on potential irrational…

Physics and Society · Physics 2024-04-24 Kehuan Feng , Songlin Han , Minyu Feng , Attila Szolnoki
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