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This work characterizes large language models' chain-of-thought generation as a structured trajectory through representation space. We show that mathematical reasoning traverses functionally ordered, step-specific subspaces that become…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Lihao Sun , Hang Dong , Bo Qiao , Qingwei Lin , Dongmei Zhang , Saravan Rajmohan

The recent progress in large language models (LLMs), especially the invention of chain-of-thought prompting, has made it possible to automatically answer questions by stepwise reasoning. However, when faced with more complicated problems…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-06 Ning Miao , Yee Whye Teh , Tom Rainforth

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable reasoning capabilities given chain-of-thought prompts (examples with intermediate reasoning steps). Existing benchmarks measure reasoning ability indirectly, by evaluating accuracy on…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-03-03 Abulhair Saparov , He He

Self-training approach for large language models (LLMs) improves reasoning abilities by training the models on their self-generated rationales. Previous approaches have labeled rationales that produce correct answers for a given question as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-07 Jaehyeok Lee , Keisuke Sakaguchi , JinYeong Bak

Intrinsic self-correct was a method that instructed large language models (LLMs) to verify and correct their responses without external feedback. Unfortunately, the study concluded that the LLMs could not self-correct reasoning yet. We find…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Zhenyu Wu , Qingkai Zeng , Zhihan Zhang , Zhaoxuan Tan , Chao Shen , Meng Jiang

Large language models (LLMs) have been routinely used to solve various tasks using step-by-step reasoning. However, the structure of intermediate reasoning steps, or thoughts, is rigid and unidirectional, such as chains, trees, or…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-30 Sijia Chen , Baochun Li

As scaled language models (LMs) approach human-level reasoning capabilities, self-improvement emerges as a solution to synthesizing high-quality data corpus. While previous research has identified model collapse as a risk in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Xiangchi Yuan , Chunhui Zhang , Zheyuan Liu , Dachuan Shi , Leyan Pan , Soroush Vosoughi , Wenke Lee

Prompting methods for language models, such as Chain-of-thought (CoT), present intuitive step-by-step processes for problem solving. These methodologies aim to equip models with a better understanding of the correct procedures for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-26 Jason Li , Lauren Yraola , Kevin Zhu , Sean O'Brien

Although large language models (LLMs) have transformed AI, they still make mistakes and can explore unproductive reasoning paths. Self-correction capability is essential for deploying LLMs in safety-critical applications. We uncover a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ken Tsui

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning exposes the intermediate thinking process of large language models (LLMs), yet verifying those traces at scale remains unsolved. In response, we introduce the idea of decision pivots-minimal, verifiable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Dongkyu Cho , Amy B. Z. Zhang , Bilel Fehri , Sheng Wang , Rumi Chunara , Hengrui Cai , Rui Song

Chain of Thought (CoT) reasoning has demonstrated remarkable deep reasoning capabilities in both large language models (LLMs) and multimodal large language models (MLLMs). However, its reliability is often undermined by the accumulation of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-26 Zijun Chen , Wenbo Hu , Richang Hong

Despite the strong reasoning ability of large language models~(LLMs), they are prone to errors and hallucinations. As a result, how to check their outputs effectively and efficiently has become a critical problem in their applications.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Jiayu Liu , Wei Dai , Zhenya Huang , Ning Miao , Enhong Chen

Accurate uncertainty quantification is crucial for the safe deployment of machine learning models, and prior research has demonstrated improvements in the calibration of modern language models (LMs). We study in-context learning (ICL), a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-29 Hanlin Zhang , Yi-Fan Zhang , Yaodong Yu , Dhruv Madeka , Dean Foster , Eric Xing , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Sham Kakade

Understanding a program's runtime reasoning behavior, meaning how intermediate states and control flows lead to final execution results, is essential for reliable code generation, debugging, and automated reasoning. Although large language…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Mohammad Abdollahi , Khandaker Rifah Tasnia , Soumit Kanti Saha , Jinqiu Yang , Song Wang , Hadi Hemmati

Despite the success of chain of thought in enhancing language model reasoning, the underlying process remains less well understood. Although logically sound reasoning appears inherently crucial for chain of thought, prior studies…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-11-17 Yew Ken Chia , Guizhen Chen , Luu Anh Tuan , Soujanya Poria , Lidong Bing

Current frontier large-language models rely on reasoning to achieve state-of-the-art performance. Many existing interpretability are limited in this area, as standard methods have been designed to study single forward passes of a model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Paul C. Bogdan , Uzay Macar , Neel Nanda , Arthur Conmy

In reasoning tasks, even a minor error can cascade into inaccurate results, leading to suboptimal performance of large language models in such domains. Earlier fine-tuning approaches sought to mitigate this by leveraging more precise…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-12 Changyu Chen , Xiting Wang , Ting-En Lin , Ang Lv , Yuchuan Wu , Xin Gao , Ji-Rong Wen , Rui Yan , Yongbin Li

Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting has improved the reasoning performance of large language models (LLMs), but it remains unclear why it works and whether it is the unique mechanism for triggering reasoning in large language models. In this…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhenghao He , Guangzhi Xiong , Bohan Liu , Sanchit Sinha , Aidong Zhang

The chain-of-thought (CoT) paradigm uses the elicitation of step-by-step rationales as a proxy for reasoning, gradually refining the model's latent representation of a solution. However, it remains unclear just how early a Large Language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Joey David

Large Language Models (LLMs) significantly benefit from Chain-of-Thought (CoT) prompting in performing various reasoning tasks. While CoT allows models to produce more comprehensive reasoning processes, its emphasis on intermediate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Zhan Ling , Yunhao Fang , Xuanlin Li , Zhiao Huang , Mingu Lee , Roland Memisevic , Hao Su