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Cooperative multi-agent systems require robust mechanisms for credit assignment under uncertainty. Here we introduce a variational framework, termed the Game-Theoretic Free Energy Principle (GT-FEP), that models coalition formation through…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Djamel Bouchaffra , Faycal Ykhlef , Mustapha Lebbah , Hanane Azzag

As foundation models are increasingly deployed as interacting agents in multi-agent systems, their collective behavior raises new challenges for trustworthiness, transparency, and accountability. Traditional coordination mechanisms, such as…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Brendan Gho , Suman Muppavarapu , Afnan Shaik , Tyson Tsay , Atharva Mohan , James Begin , Kevin Zhu , Archana Vaidheeswaran , Vasu Sharma

Model Context Protocols (MCPs) provide a unified platform for agent systems to discover, select, and orchestrate tools across heterogeneous execution environments. As MCP-based systems scale to incorporate larger tool catalogs and multiple…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-19 Yuval Felendler , Parth A. Gandhi , Idan Habler , Yuval Elovici , Asaf Shabtai

Autonomous AI agents are beginning to operate across organizational boundaries on the open internet -- discovering, transacting with, and delegating to agents owned by other parties without centralized oversight. When agents from different…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Anbang Ruan , Xing Zhang

Large Language Model (LLM) agents are increasingly improved through interaction, yet most self-evolution methods adapt either the policy or the learning environment in isolation. We identify this structural gap as \emph{Agent-Environment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Yihao Hu , Zhihao Wen , Xiujin Liu , Pan Wang , Xin Zhang , Wei Wu

AI systems are becoming active participants in organizational and knowledge work. They increasingly interact with humans, coordinate workflows, and operate in multi-agent arrangements. Understanding their effects therefore requires more…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yingjie Zhang , Chun Feng , Weizhang Zhu , Tianshu Sun

Autonomous agents based on Large Language Models (LLMs) have evolved from reactive assistants to systems capable of planning, executing actions via tools, and iterating over environment observations. However, they remain vulnerable to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-27 Elzo Brito dos Santos Filho

LLM-based multi-agent systems can fail even when planned actions are executed correctly because agents may misjudge their knowledge when evaluating plan feasibility, a phenomenon we term epistemic miscalibration in planning. Unlike…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zehao Wang , Shilong Jin , Zhao Cao , Lanjun Wang

Synchronization among autonomous agents via local interactions is one of the benchmark problems in multi-agent control. Whereas synchronization algorithms for identical agents have been thoroughly studied, synchronization of heterogeneous…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2017-03-09 Anton V. Proskurnikov , Manuel Mazo

Enterprise AI systems increasingly deploy multiple intelligent agents across mission-critical workflows that must satisfy hard policy constraints, bounded risk exposure, and comprehensive auditability (SOX, HIPAA, GDPR). Existing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Vinil Pasupuleti , Shyalendar Reddy Allala , Siva Rama Krishna Varma Bayyavarapu , Shrey Tyagi

As artificial intelligence engineering paradigms shift from single-agent Prompt and Context Engineering toward multi-agent \textbf{Coordination Engineering}, the ability to codify and systematically improve how multiple agents collaborate…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Xinyu Zhang , Zhicheng Dou , Deyang Li , Jianjun Tao , Shuo Cheng , Ruifeng Shi , Fangchao Liu , Enrui Hu , Yangkai Ding , Hongbo Wang , Qi Ye , Xuefeng Jin , Zhangchun Zhao

Agentic AI systems built around large language models (LLMs) are moving away from closed, single-model frameworks and toward open ecosystems that connect a variety of agents, external tools, and resources. The Model Context Protocol (MCP)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Xinyi Hou , Shenao Wang , Yifan Zhang , Ziluo Xue , Yanjie Zhao , Cai Fu , Haoyu Wang

Artificial Intelligence (AI) agents capable of autonomous learning and independent decision-making hold great promise for addressing complex challenges across various critical infrastructure domains, including transportation, energy…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-07-02 Hepeng Li , Yuhong Liu , Jun Yan , Jie Gao , Xiaoou Yang

Whether in groups of humans or groups of computer agents, collaboration is most effective between individuals who have the ability to coordinate on a joint strategy for collective action. However, in general a rational actor will only…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2016-02-15 Peter M. Krafft , Chris L. Baker , Alex Pentland , Joshua B. Tenenbaum

As AI agents evolve, the community is rapidly shifting from single Large Language Models (LLMs) to Multi-Agent Systems (MAS) to overcome cognitive bottlenecks in automated research. However, the optimal multi-agent coordination framework…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Yang Shen , Zhenyi Yi , Ziyi Zhao , Lijun Sun , Dongyang Li , Chin-Teng Lin , Yuhui Shi

In this paper, we study robust distributed sub-optimal coordination of linear agents subject to input nonlinearities. Inspired by the robust agreement literature, we formulate a bounded distributed sub-optimal coordination problem, in which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-21 Takumi Namba

Future communication networks are expected to feature autonomic (or self-organizing) mechanisms to ease deployment (self-configuration), tune parameters automatically (self-optimization) and repair the network (self-healing).…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2012-09-07 Richard Combes , Zwi Altman , Eitan Altman

Large language model (LLM) agents increasingly collaborate over peer-to-peer networks to improve their reliability. However, these same interactions can also become a source of vulnerability, as unreliable or Byzantine agents may sway…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Haejoon Lee , Vincent-Daniel Yun , Hyeonho Oh , Dimitra Panagou , Sai Praneeth Karimireddy

Current AI agent architectures suffer from ephemeral memory limitations, preventing effective collaboration and knowledge sharing across sessions and agent boundaries. We introduce SAMEP (Secure Agent Memory Exchange Protocol), a novel…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-16 Hari Masoor

We present Semantic Fusion (SF), a formal framework for decentralized semantic coordination in multi-agent systems. SF allows agents to operate over scoped views of shared memory, propose structured updates, and maintain global coherence…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-02-13 Sofiya Zaichyk