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Reachability and other path-based measures on temporal graphs can be used to understand spread of infection, information, and people in modelled systems. Due to delays and errors in reporting, temporal graphs derived from data are unlikely…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Jessica Enright , Laura Larios-Jones , Kitty Meeks , William Pettersson

In a temporal graph the edge set dynamically changes over time according to a set of time-labels associated with each edge that indicates at which time-steps the edge is available. Two vertices are connected if there is a path connecting…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-24 Daniele Carnevale , Gianlorenzo D'Angelo , Martin Olsen

The $\mathcal{D}$-process is a single player game in which the player is initially presented the empty graph on $n$ vertices. In each step, a subset of edges $X$ is independently sampled according to a distribution $\mathcal{D}$. The player…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-10-27 Calum MacRury , Erlang Surya

An important characteristic of temporal graphs is how the directed arrow of time influences their causal topology, i.e., which nodes can possibly influence each other causally via time-respecting paths. The resulting patterns are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Franziska Heeg , Jonas Sauer , Petra Mutzel , Ingo Scholtes

A temporal graph $\mathcal{G}=(G,\lambda)$ can be represented by an underlying graph $G=(V,E)$ together with a function $\lambda$ that assigns to each edge $e\in E$ the set of time steps during which $e$ is present. The reachability graph…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Thomas Erlebach , Othon Michail , Nils Morawietz

Uniform sampling from the set $\mathcal{G}(\mathbf{d})$ of graphs with a given degree-sequence $\mathbf{d} = (d_1, \dots, d_n) \in \mathbb N^n$ is a classical problem in the study of random graphs. We consider an analogue for temporal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Daniel Allendorf

A temporal graph is a graph whose edges are available only at certain points in time. It is temporally connected if the nodes can reach each other by paths that traverse the edges chronologically (temporal paths). In general, temporal…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Daniele Carnevale , Arnaud Casteigts , Timothée Corsini

We define a general model of stochastically-evolving graphs, namely the \emph{Edge-Uniform Stochastically-Evolving Graphs}. In this model, each possible edge of an underlying general static graph evolves independently being either alive or…

Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing · Computer Science 2018-07-19 Ioannis Lamprou , Russell Martin , Paul Spirakis

Temporal graphs arise when modeling interactions that evolve over time. They usually come in several flavors, depending on the number of parameters used to describe the temporal aspects of the interactions: time of appearance, duration,…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Guillaume Aubian , Filippo Brunelli , Feodor F Dragan , Guillaume Ducoffe , Michel Habib , Allen Ibiapina , Laurent Viennot

A great variety of complex systems, from user interactions in communication networks to transactions in financial markets, can be modeled as temporal graphs consisting of a set of vertices and a series of timestamped and directed edges.…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2022-11-23 Jingjing Wang , Yanhao Wang , Wenjun Jiang , Yuchen Li , Kian-Lee Tan

We study the Temporal Exploration problem, where an agent must visit all vertices of a temporal graph while traversing at most one available edge per time step. Unlike static graphs, which can be explored in linear time, temporal…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Ivan Lahtin , Viktor Zamaraev

In this paper we initiate the study of the temporal graph realization problem with respect to the fastest path durations among its vertices, while we focus on periodic temporal graphs. Given an $n \times n$ matrix $D$ and a $\Delta \in…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-05-02 Nina Klobas , George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Paul G. Spirakis

A temporal graph can be represented by a graph with an edge labelling, such that an edge is present in the network if and only if the edge is assigned the corresponding time label. A journey is a labelled path in a temporal graph such that…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2023-12-13 Esteban Christiann , Eric Sanlaville , Jason Schoeters

Temporal graphs are introduced to model systems where the relationships among the entities of the system evolve over time. In this paper, we consider the temporal graphs where the edge set changes with time and all the changes are known a…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Rinku Kumar , Bodhisatwa Mazumdar , Subhrangsu Mandal

Temporal graphs are graphs where the edge set can change in each time step, and the vertex set stays the same. Exploration of temporal graphs whose snapshot in each time step is a connected graph, called connected temporal graphs, has been…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Konstantinos Dogeas , Thomas Erlebach , Frank Kammer , Johannes Meintrup , William K. Moses

In a temporal network with discrete time-labels on its edges, entities and information can only ``flow'' along sequences of edges whose time-labels are non-decreasing (resp. increasing), i.e. along temporal (resp. strict temporal) paths.…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-01-29 George B. Mertzios , Hendrik Molter , Malte Renken , Paul G. Spirakis , Philipp Zschoche

Temporal graphs provide a useful model for many real-world networks. Unfortunately the majority of algorithmic problems we might consider on such graphs are intractable. There has been recent progress in defining structural parameters which…

Discrete Mathematics · Computer Science 2024-11-20 Jessica Enright , Samuel D. Hand , Laura Larios-Jones , Kitty Meeks

Temporal graphs are graphs with time-stamped edges. We study the problem of finding a small vertex set (the separator) with respect to two designated terminal vertices such that the removal of the set eliminates all temporal paths…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2018-07-26 Philipp Zschoche , Till Fluschnik , Hendrik Molter , Rolf Niedermeier

Temporal graphs have edge sets that change over discrete time steps. Such graphs are temporally connected (TC) if all pairs of vertices can reach each other using paths that traverse the edges in a time-respecting way (temporal paths).…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Arnaud Casteigts , Hendrik Molter , Meirav Zehavi

Temporal graphs are a special class of graphs for which a temporal component is added to edges, that is, each edge possesses a set of times at which it is available and can be traversed. Many classical problems on graphs can be translated…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2025-04-10 Lapo Cioni , Riccardo Dondi , Andrea Marino , Jason Schoeters , Ana Silva