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Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) is widely used to evaluate candidates for educational purposes. However, due to the lack of representative data, most existing AES systems are not robust, and their scoring predictions are biased towards the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-09-10 Haddad Philip , Tsegaye Misikir Tashu

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) plays a crucial role in educational assessment by providing scalable and consistent evaluations of writing tasks. However, traditional AES systems face three major challenges: (1) reliance on handcrafted…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Jiamin Su , Yibo Yan , Fangteng Fu , Han Zhang , Jingheng Ye , Xiang Liu , Jiahao Huo , Huiyu Zhou , Xuming Hu

Automated Essay Score (AES) is proven to be one of the cutting-edge technologies. Scoring techniques are used for various purposes. Reliable scores are calculated based on influential variables. Such variables can be computed by different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-05 Bagiya Lakshmi S , Sanjjushri Varshini R , Rohith Mahadevan , Raja CSP Raman

Large language models (LLMs) have recently reshaped Automated Essay Scoring (AES), yet prior studies typically examine individual techniques in isolation, limiting understanding of their relative merits for English as a Second Language (L2)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Minh Hoang Nguyen , Vu Hoang Pham , Xuan Thanh Huynh , Phuc Hong Mai , Vinh The Nguyen , Quang Nhut Huynh , Huy Tien Nguyen , Tung Le

Automated scoring of open-ended student responses has the potential to significantly reduce human grader effort. Recent advances in automated scoring often leverage textual representations based on pre-trained language models such as BERT…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-06-16 Nigel Fernandez , Aritra Ghosh , Naiming Liu , Zichao Wang , Benoît Choffin , Richard Baraniuk , Andrew Lan

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been quite popular and is being widely used. However, lack of appropriate methodology for rating nonnative English speakers' essays has meant a lopsided advancement in this field. In this paper, we report…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-02-02 Amber Nigam

We demonstrate that current state-of-the-art approaches to Automated Essay Scoring (AES) are not well-suited to capturing adversarially crafted input of grammatical but incoherent sequences of sentences. We develop a neural model of local…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-05-01 Youmna Farag , Helen Yannakoudakis , Ted Briscoe

This study examines the effect of grammatical features in automatic essay scoring (AES). We use two kinds of grammatical features as input to an AES model: (1) grammatical items that writers used correctly in essays, and (2) the number of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-14 Kosuke Doi , Katsuhito Sudoh , Satoshi Nakamura

Active Learning (AL) and Semi-supervised Learning are two techniques that have been studied to reduce the high cost of deep learning by using a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. To improve the accuracy of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jaeseung Lim , Jongkeun Na , Nojun Kwak

This paper addresses performance degradation in anomalous sound detection (ASD) when neither sufficiently similar machine data nor operational state labels are available. We present an integrated pipeline that combines three complementary…

Sound · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Ibuki Kuroyanagi , Takuya Fujimura , Kazuya Takeda , Tomoki Toda

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems now reach near human agreement on some public benchmarks, yet real-world adoption, especially in high-stakes examinations, remains limited. A principal obstacle is that most models output a single score…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-22 Ahmed Karim , Qiao Wang , Zheng Yuan

Evaluating student responses, from long essays to short factual answers, is a key challenge in educational NLP. Automated Essay Scoring (AES) focuses on holistic writing qualities such as coherence and argumentation, while Automatic Short…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Tasfia Seuti , Sagnik Ray Choudhury

Automated augmentation is an emerging and effective technique to search for data augmentation policies to improve generalizability of deep neural network training. Most existing work focuses on constructing a unified policy applicable to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Mingjun Zhao , Shan Lu , Zixuan Wang , Xiaoli Wang , Di Niu

While current Automated Essay Scoring (AES) methods demonstrate high scoring agreement with human raters, their decision-making mechanisms are not fully understood. Our proposed method, using counterfactual intervention assisted by Large…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Yupei Wang , Renfen Hu , Zhe Zhao

Cross-topic automated essay scoring (AES) aims to develop a transferable model capable of effectively evaluating essays on a target topic. A significant challenge in this domain arises from the inherent discrepancies between topics. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-11 Chunyun Zhang , Hongyan Zhao , Chaoran Cui , Qilong Song , Zhiqing Lu , Shuai Gong , Kailin Liu

Most previous scene text spotting methods rely on high-quality manual annotations to achieve promising performance. To reduce their expensive costs, we study semi-supervised text spotting (SSTS) to exploit useful information from unlabeled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Dongliang Luo , Hanshen Zhu , Ziyang Zhang , Dingkang Liang , Xudong Xie , Yuliang Liu , Xiang Bai

The first automated essay scoring system was developed 50 years ago. Automated essay scoring systems are developing into systems with richer functions than the previous simple scoring systems. Its purpose is not only to score essays but…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-07-13 You-Jin Jong , Yong-Jin Kim , Ok-Chol Ri

In recent years, pre-trained models have become dominant in most natural language processing (NLP) tasks. However, in the area of Automated Essay Scoring (AES), pre-trained models such as BERT have not been properly used to outperform other…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-05-24 Yongjie Wang , Chuan Wang , Ruobing Li , Hui Lin

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) systems are widely popular in the market as they constitute a cost-effective and time-effective option for grading systems. Nevertheless, many studies have demonstrated that the AES system fails to assign lower…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-04-16 Sourya Dipta Das , Yash Vadi , Kuldeep Yadav

This paper presents a novel prompt engineering framework for trait specific Automatic Essay Scoring (AES) in Arabic, leveraging large language models (LLMs) under zero-shot and few-shot configurations. Addressing the scarcity of scalable,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Salim Al Mandhari , Hieu Pham Dinh , Mo El-Haj , Paul Rayson