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With the rapid growth of scientific literature, scientific question answering (SciQA) has become increasingly critical for exploring and utilizing scientific knowledge. Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances LLMs by incorporating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Haotian Chen , Qingqing Long , Siyu Pu , Xiao Luo , Wei Ju , Meng Xiao , Yuanchun Zhou , Jianghua Zhao , Xuezhi Wang

Multi-entity question answering (MEQA) poses significant challenges for large language models (LLMs), which often struggle to consolidate scattered information across multiple documents. An example question might be "What is the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Teng Lin , Yizhang Zhu , Yuyu Luo , Nan Tang

Deep-research agents are capable of executing multi-step web exploration, targeted retrieval, and sophisticated question answering. Despite their powerful capabilities, deep-research agents face two critical bottlenecks: (1) the lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tongzhou Wu , Yuhao Wang , Xinyu Ma , Xiuqiang He , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

Wikipedia is edited by volunteer editors around the world. Considering the large amount of existing content (e.g. over 5M articles in English Wikipedia), deciding what to edit next can be difficult, both for experienced users that usually…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2020-09-25 Oleksii Moskalenko , Denis Parra , Diego Saez-Trumper

We introduce LLM-Wikirace, a benchmark for evaluating planning, reasoning, and world knowledge in large language models (LLMs). In LLM-Wikirace, models must efficiently navigate Wikipedia hyperlinks step by step to reach a target page from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Juliusz Ziomek , William Bankes , Lorenz Wolf , Shyam Sundhar Ramesh , Xiaohang Tang , Ilija Bogunovic

Millions of people irrespective of socioeconomic and demographic backgrounds, depend on Wikipedia articles everyday for keeping themselves informed regarding popular as well as obscure topics. Articles have been categorized by editors into…

Social and Information Networks · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Bhanu Prakash Reddy , Sasi Bhusan , Soumya Sarkar , Animesh Mukherjee

Wikipedia plays a crucial role in the integrity of the Web. This work analyzes the reliability of this global encyclopedia through the lens of its references. We operationalize the notion of reference quality by defining reference need…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2023-03-10 Aitolkyn Baigutanova , Jaehyeon Myung , Diego Saez-Trumper , Ai-Jou Chou , Miriam Redi , Changwook Jung , Meeyoung Cha

As large language models (LLMs) grow larger and more sophisticated, assessing their "reasoning" capabilities in natural language grows more challenging. Recent question answering (QA) benchmarks that attempt to assess reasoning are often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-01 Matthew Ho , Aditya Sharma , Justin Chang , Michael Saxon , Sharon Levy , Yujie Lu , William Yang Wang

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) methods are viable solutions for addressing the static memory limits of pre-trained language models. Nevertheless, encountering conflicting sources of information within the retrieval context is an…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Quang Hieu Pham , Hoang Ngo , Anh Tuan Luu , Dat Quoc Nguyen

Despite significant advances in large language models (LLMs), their knowledge memorization capabilities remain underexplored, due to the lack of standardized and high-quality test ground. In this paper, we introduce a novel, real-world and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Yuwei Zhang , Wenhao Yu , Shangbin Feng , Yifan Zhu , Letian Peng , Jayanth Srinivasa , Gaowen Liu , Jingbo Shang

Deep research agents autonomously conduct open-ended investigations, integrating complex information retrieval with multi-step reasoning across diverse sources to solve real-world problems. To sustain this capability on long-horizon tasks,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-31 Bin Zhu , Qianghuai Jia , Tian Lan , Junyang Ren , Feng Gu , Feihu Jiang , Longyue Wang , Zhao Xu , Weihua Luo

We present a long-horizon, hierarchical deep research (DR) agent designed for complex materials and device discovery problems that exceed the scope of existing Machine Learning (ML) surrogates and closed-source commercial agents. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Rui Ding , Rodrigo Pires Ferreira , Yuxin Chen , Junhong Chen

In knowledge-intensive tasks such as open-domain question answering (OpenQA), large language models (LLMs) often struggle to generate factual answers, relying solely on their internal (parametric) knowledge. To address this limitation,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-29 Jinming Nian , Zhiyuan Peng , Qifan Wang , Yi Fang

Wikipedia, a paradigmatic example of online knowledge space is organized in a collaborative, bottom-up way with voluntary contributions, yet it maintains a level of reliability comparable to that of traditional encyclopedias. The lack of…

Physics and Society · Physics 2021-05-24 Fumiko Ogushi , János Kertész , Kimmo Kaski , Takashi Shimada

Wikipedia is the world's largest online encyclopedia, but maintaining article quality through collaboration is challenging. Wikipedia designed a quality scale, but with such a manual assessment process, many articles remain unassessed. We…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-04 Pedro Miguel Moás , Carla Teixeira Lopes

Despite the integration of search tools, Deep Search Agents often suffer from a misalignment between reasoning-driven queries and the underlying web indexing structures. Existing frameworks treat the search engine as a static utility,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-10 Zixuan Yu , Zhenheng Tang , Tongliang Liu , Chengqi Zhang , Xiaowen Chu , Bo Han

Keeping large language models factually up-to-date is crucial for deployment, yet costly retraining remains a challenge. Knowledge editing offers a promising alternative, but methods are only tested on small-scale or synthetic edit…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-23 Lukas Thede , Karsten Roth , Matthias Bethge , Zeynep Akata , Tom Hartvigsen

Deep research agents have attracted growing attention for their potential to orchestrate multi-stage research workflows, spanning literature synthesis, methodological design, and empirical verification. Despite these strides, evaluating…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-11-11 Haiyuan Wan , Chen Yang , Junchi Yu , Meiqi Tu , Jiaxuan Lu , Di Yu , Jianbao Cao , Ben Gao , Jiaqing Xie , Aoran Wang , Wenlong Zhang , Philip Torr , Dongzhan Zhou

While Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated proficiency in Deep Research or Wide Search, their capacity to solve highly complex questions-those requiring long-horizon planning, massive evidence gathering, and synthesis across…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-04 Yubo Dong , Nianhao You , Yuxuan Hou , Zixun Sun , Yue Zhang , Liang Zhang , Siyuan Zhao , Hehe Fan

We introduce LongDA, a data analysis benchmark for evaluating LLM-based agents under documentation-intensive analytical workflows. In contrast to existing benchmarks that assume well-specified schemas and inputs, LongDA targets real-world…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Yiyang Li , Zheyuan Zhang , Tianyi Ma , Zehong Wang , Keerthiram Murugesan , Chuxu Zhang , Yanfang Ye